HR Practices At Shell Pakistan Limited

HR Practices At chide Pakistan controlPakistans first anele field was observed in the late 1952 in Baluchistan near a giant Sui gas field. It c exclusively everyplaces 122.67 squ ar kilometers (47.36 sq mi). Pakistan Petroleum and Pakistan fossil oilfields explored and began oil production from Toot ara is wizard of the oldest oil producing regions in Pakistan with the first oil salubrious was drilled in 1964 when President Ayub Khan encourages a mineral issuegrowth insurance policy. The commercial production started in 1967. There atomic number 18 rough 60 million position of oil in place with 12%-15% of which is rec overable. At its peak during 1986, the field was producing approximately 2,400 barrel of oil per day. petroleum production was entirely confined to the Potwar Plateau till 1981, when Union Texas Pakistan discovered its first oil-field in Lower Sindh. By 1998-1999, the Lower Sindh gas-fields were producing more oil than the Potwar Plateau. Since hence , untried deposits restrain as well as been found here.In 2005, the Vancouver- found International self-reliant Energy signed a memorandum of understanding with the Oil and vaunt Development telephoner throttle, Pakistans national oil company, to develop the Toot field.Pakistan has non experienced art objecty new oil fields coming online. As a result, oil production has remained mediumly flat, at somewhat 60,000 barrels per day (bbl/d). Due to Pakistans modest oil production, the verdant is dependent on oil imports to satisfy domestic oil bring. As of November 2006, Pakistan had consumed approximately 350 earths barrels of oil and various petroleum products, of which, more than 80 per centum was imported. The majority of oil imports come from the Middle East, with Saudi Arabia as the go through importer. In Pakistan transport vault of heaven in the biggest expendr of the petroleum products use 48%, energy sector uses some 36%, and industrial sector which has a s h be of 12 % while stay 4% is shargon by the residential sector.There atomic number 18 almost four major national oil companies currently involved in the sector, namely Oil and Gas ripening corporation limited (OGDCL), Pakistan petroleum limited (PPL), and Pakistan realm oil company limited and Pakistan oilfields limited (POL).http//i95.photobucket.com/albums/l140/tortoise_bucket/ strap-Skull-Iran-Animated.gifIntroduction of thump out Pakistan LimitedThe documented history of Royal Dutch crush plc (comm precisely known as Shell) in Pakistan dates back to 1903 when percentagenership was struck between The Shell station Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to make out petroleum to Asia. In 1928 when Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited (was a leading British oil trading) in India were corporate and Burmah Shell Oil Storage Distri exclusivelyion Company of India was born.After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was change d to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the sh beholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell (PBS) Limited.The Shell and the Burmah Groups, retained the remaining 49% in equal proportions. In February of 1993, as economic relaxation method acting began to take root and the Burmah divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51%. The years 2001-2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increase its sh ar, with the Group now having a 76% stake in Shell Pakistan Ltd (SPL) an expression of confidenceThe twinkling largest oil company in the land, Shell Pakistan has successfully positioned itself as the preferred oil and Gas Company in Pakistan, leading the field in its commitment to customer service, quality of products, guard duty and environmental protection.Currently scold has been operating for over more than 90 countries and territories and has been providi ng its products and services. Shell Pakistan is divided into 8 functional argonas i.e. Retail, Lubri domiciliatets, Aviation, Operations, Finance, Corporate, Human Resource and mer behindtile Fuels. It has played a leading role in energy demand of Pakistan. It represended in in all aspects of the upstream and downstream oil caper in Pakistan, in exploration both onshore and withdrawshore, in refining, as well as a 26% sh ar holding in the white oil pipeline( an oil pipeline from Port Qasim to the Pak-Arab Refinery (PARCO) at Mehmood Kot, Multan District, Punjab,). As Shell has a rich legacy and long association with Pakistan, it operates over 800 sell stations, it has the leading market sh be among foreign petroleum retail demarcationes in Pakistan.HR BUSINESS STRUCTURE OF SHELLA business deprivations passel to achieve its goals. In every fundamental law the business activities are performed by contrastive spate rub downing in divers(prenominal) departments same marke ting, finance, IT, and others, but HR is the one whose functions are not notwithstanding associated with performing its own department activities but excessively to look over the activities of other departments. In two words, it is charged with the general responsibility for decision making upon and implementing strategies and policies aligned with boldnesss goals and getting the things through with(p) from people and whence with the management of individuals and departments. Shells HR activities are not dependent on a respective country take but they are categorized into three different takes.HR Business ( planetary)Shells HR Business has been operating at the spheric level and evolved in falling the replica of various businesses like Retail, supply and statistical distribution, commercial, worldwide functions, manufacturing, chemicals, finance/controllers, etc. sum of money of Excellence (Regional)The people black marketing in centers of excellence are on the regiona l level and are trusty in making overall policies, setting remuneration, expatriation, and making policies for competence development.HR Country (Respective country)At the country level they are the people like HR four-in-hands so where ever denture has been operating the respective country includes HRM. The policies aligned to the business and functions are implemented here and the managers are answerable in conveying what ingests to be do. Shell Pakistan is dealing at this country level so our further preaching impart be based on the activities of HR country Pakistan.HR Departments Structure at Country LevelThe responsibilities for HR department at country level are not divided into different sub-departments rather in that respect are the bank line positions in the hierarchy which are amenable in having certain(p) duties to be performed and to hold certain responsibilities. The benchmarks are as followsEmployee Relations/industrial RelationsEmployee and Industrial Relat ions at whip are maintain by the HR account managers who focus on the morale and pauperism of employees and how they feel about working for Shell, as well as structure strong consanguinitys with employee representatives. A lot of Hr managers judgment of conviction is spent in communicating and consulting with Shell staff and representative bodies to ensure theyre sensitive of decisions at all levels, that they feel involved in the decision-making impact. schooling and developmentLearning development is another seat for the account manager at the slacken within HR, the HR account manager helps in achieving of business strategies and practicable plans. It helps in providing and developing key capabilities to meet the demands and challenges of the business. Working on the design and delivery of look oning programs covering Leadership Development, Technical/Professional Development, and the personal and Business Skills portfolio are the elemental responsibilities for manage r.RecruitmentCountry level HRAM provides a recruitment process that brings the trump of the worlds talent to Shell and goes for cover song graduates and experienced professionals whose skills will pimp long-term competitive advantage for the company.PolicyThe abutting HRAM is responsible in implementing policies that comes into shells basic business principles which includes core values, honesty, integrity, respect for people and the promotion of trust, openness, teamwork and professionalism, and pride in what they do. HRM enforces employees to follow up with these policies.HR offshoot OF SHELL PAKISTAN LIMITEDThe process gets started with the planning of HR ask. The first basic need f HR is to make sure that the right number and right people are there at the right time. By performing job analysis it comes to know that the right people are there, by knowing surplus and shortage situations it can work on right quantity and time. trading analysis is done at the ball-shaped lev el so Shell at country level is responsible in taking the actions on the situations of surplus and shortage.Surplus of EmployeesIt is in the companys policy not to hire more than 500 employees. During surplus the employees are inclined the hazard to apply for other jobs within country at shell and clear the selection process or other then that the HR management refers the excessive employees to other big geological formations.Shortage of EmployeesIn lesson of shortage the company satisfies the term fill in the vacancy in which it gives first priority to its internal employees to apply for the proceeding vacancy and then it goes for external recruitment to fill the place which has been left over by the promoted employee.RECRUITMENT AT SHELL PAKISTANThose individuals who want to see their future at shell decides upon the behavior in which they want to proceed with it. There have been different recruitment methods that HR department has been consideringMethods of RecruitmentHead huntsman firmShell outsources the responsibility for recruitment when it seeks to recruit a top level professional with defining the requirement grounds of maturity and competence. The organization is in a favor of equal opportunity employer where men and women both are preferred. The outsourcing is done so that the higher position does not ferment the victim of nepotism or corrupt system.Global RecruitmentShell appreciates the best fit employees for the above positions for which the HRAM put efforts in bringing global talent to Pakistan and it is normally done for the sr. position. As Leon GM of Shell says,Global recruitment is done for global talentInternal RecruitmentThis method receives the primary concern at shell in which the internal employees are more preferred to apply and get selected for the positions on a fair basis as they similarly have to go through the overall selection process. As internal employees are more familiar with the kitchen-gardening, work unit, rules and regulations so it benefits the organization as well in cost saving. Moreover, there are no promotion opportunities for employees so the internal recruitment has false out to be an alternate motivational factor to work unit. The employees can apply by visiting the companys intranet.AdvertisementAdvertisement opens another office for the job seekers. The advertisement is based on job detailation in which all the requirements are mentioned which perhaps reduces the possibility of untalented individuals to apply. As the Gm verbalise that going into job description is a lengthy process.The blind niche strategy has been proved not that helpful for the HR managers at shell because they applied this strategy for twice but no adequate reply was received.Employee ReferralsWhen the company posts the job offers on the notice board or on its intranet for the internal employees then it also runs the possibility that employees will get their referrals along.Job search (cyberspace)Cybersp ace is categorized for professionals, internees, and graduates. There are application forms which need to be filled with an attached resumes.POST-RECRUITMENT PROCESSInitial ScreeningCV/ResumesThe individuals curriculum vitae (CV) and resumes are taken into comity when making selection decision. Shells HR management primarily focuses on the format of the resume of the vista in other words they short list these resumes on format and number bases.Application FormThose candidates who apply on the internet have to prove themselves for filling up an application form tending(p) on the website of shell. present it encourages those candidates who are eligible on the criteria as decided by the company. Those candidates are short listed who meets the required criteria and they also enclose their resumes along here. The internal candidates are already registered who just need to log in while applying for the new job.SELECTIONInterviewThose candidates whose application forms are short list ed are invited for an interview. present an individuals culturally fit requirement is given a close consideration and two interviews are take a focused. The first interview is taken by the manager of HR department and then short listed from here are sent for the second interview which is taken by the department managers along with the senior managers. Candidates behavior is also of a keen interest to an interviewer and he is assessed against capacity, achievement, relationship skills and technical skills.Background InvestigationThere is no specific need of oscilloscope investigation because the documents that an employee carries along on the interview day release a clear evidence of employees profile. For some positions the degree and experience desktop is important but mostly an employee can be from any background but must be eligible for the position.Medical Requirement marginal fitness to work is required as it is set by the Centre of excellence. The country level Hr manager while considering the main factors can reject who does not fit to the minimum requirement.ORIENTATIONAT SHELL PAKISTAN LIMITEDinternally selected candidatesEmployees who are internally selected are given no orientation as they have already been through it and are familiar with the norms, values and tillage of the organization. The work introduction is made by the line manager and the employee step by step learns about new work.New EmployeesThe new employees when join the company they are given a set of documents in which they can make themselves aware of the framework in which policies are set so that it makes an organization a good place to work. The documents can contain the following lessonsCode of conduct and ethicsAnti-corruption and briberyAnti-trust in which whistle blowing is considered as unethicalPolicies around harassment and genderA new employee is introduced with the work unit but its his/her responsibility as well to go, shake hand and introduce him or her to others. Moreover there are communications meetings which makes them socialize and they are also given the organization tour.Curriculum activities performed by employeesThe employees are also offered to date a day in which there are number of ground activities they need to perform including group discussion, presentations, exercises, real case studies, team mental synthesis activities and others, to analyze how individual can grapple with different business scenarios. It is done at the global level.LEARNING AND TRAININGShell believes that the best way to learn is by doing. The emphasis is being on shadowing people and then if the lacking is found during performance evaluation then the employees are trained by on-the-job methods. The new employees are shadowed by which they are assigned to the line managers and observe how the work is to be carried out, what are the daily responsibilities and a lot more. They keep on learning about their work so they develop overtime. The employees are not rotated on the jobs as the promotions are restricted but it can be done by a communication or negotiation with line managers. For suppose, If an employee wants to learn about the new work or job then he can ask of it from the line manager and by the mutual discussion between them he can learn farther. There are specific indicators which analyze the need for training and are computed on the yearly based performances.Analyzing Training needsAccept ErrorThe Hr department keeps the accede of employees to evaluate their performances and to see whether they are set into the environment. It looks that the person must be culturally fit, behavior is good, does the work by own, performance is good, and dont tries to dominate over others. Many times the employees are imaged as a perfect candidate for the position during an interview process but the time when the reality appears and if it is setback then the HR manager does consider it as an accept error. It indicates that an employee needs more of the training. The person is given a period of six months in which he or she is trained to fit into the specific requirements and evaluation also goes a long time to time.Competence profileThere are competence profiles for each job and people are supposed to be assessed together on profiles. For instance, firstly the people are shadowed and then if somebody needs to acquire leadership skills, negotiation or interpersonal skills or any other skill then for that there are programs like on-the-job training such asWork Assignments group tasksProjectsShadowing peopleLinks to websites with different universitiesManagement articles and research publications suppuration AND TRAININGThere are international programs for employee development and training. The pure development is been made through foreign courses which are considered as a part of off-the-job training and the training which helps a little in development of an employee are virtual courses.Foreign CoursesForeign courses are considered as the development of an employee as the HR director stated,There are public and foreign courses which is a part of the overall development, we look at the individuals job performance and probable so everybody doesnt go for that and everybody may think that unless are gone for a course they cant be able to learn, but learning and development are two different things. You should need to be learning all the time and as development is the costly process so we limits off the candidates.Virtual courses (Shell Open University)These are the online courses by which an employee can learn by browsing the shells official website where one can get the access to shell Open Universitys web page and learn all the relevant things. doing APPRAISALPerformance appraisal is done by two way processGoal Performance AppraisalShell set targets for cash advance and measures, appraises and then reports performance. There is a competency profile for each job according to which an employee is ass igned to the different work- link up goals that need to be achieved. GPA is given on the evaluation whether the goals have been achieved.RankingRanking is a process alike on which the individuals are compared within their departments and the best ranker receives the reward. There is a structured budget so only one person will be receiving the reward.As the HR manager stated,Everybody cant be man of the match in every match.REWARDS AND BENEFITS TO EMPLOYEESThe employees are benefited and rewarded on many different grounds. Some of them are as followsInternal recruitmentThe internal employees are given the first priority to apply for the next positions. This has been made as an alternate for promotions.Competitive SalaryThe competitive salary is based on market conditions so the experienced and the one with high skills is probably the one who is gainful high.Performance-related pay and bonusesWhen the employee accomplishes goal-performance appraisal then he/she is rewarded with bonus es or sometimes it gets the increase in salary.Club membershipsThe employees are given different ennead memberships and are also offered to participate into its activities in which they are awarded as well by the clubs.VehiclesThe employees are given cars and pick and drop facilities. The top managers are also benefited with fuels.Annual paid leavesThe employees are given annual paid leaves for which there salary is not deducted.Flexible working practicesThe environment of the work place is made so flexible and interesting that the employees feel secure and remain concentrated while being at the work place. The timings are also flexible so that employees cannot think about taking out time for some of his/her off the job related work during job. big Service AwardsShell recently held a long service awards distribution ceremony in 2010 at Karachi in which the eligible staff who had unblemished 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 years of experience in the company were awarded.Champions trophyThe cham pions trophy-east was launched in 2009 to recognize and reward account managers and gross sales managers for the commercial fuel teams in east. It was aimed to energize the sales professionals and appreciate the outstanding performances .From Pakistan Ehtesham saleem, AM for a Pakistan commercial fuel was awarded.Traveling vouchersIn 2009 shell evaluated its top 3 sales performers in east and they were given travel vouchers valued at 3,000pounds, 2,500 pounds, and 2,000 pounds for the first, second and third winner respectively in which the account managers from Pakistan were also included. other(a) benefits and rewards includeMaternity/paternity leave and possible sabbaticalsMobile billsShell fuel cardsPension/ retirement plansHealthcare coverageRecommendationsShell is one of the biggest organizations globally, but as it has all the policies designed at global level so it costs high at regional level. The demands of culture and needs of employees vary from country to country. So f or every region the policies should be well designed and structured according to the needs of the employees. It is very time consuming because the HR department working in Pakistan has to gather all the information regarding performance appraisals, promotions etc and then all of this information is sent at a global level, it can create a communication ranch without the HR department working at a global and a regional level. Policies should not only be implemented but should also be created according to the employees, because the supervisor or the manager to whom the employee reports directly only knows about his/her performance.ConclusionHR department in every organization plays a vital role in managing all the activities which are related to profitability and management of employees which are main assets of an organization. Shell is a multi-national organization which is working at a global and regional level. All the policies are made for the benefit of the employees, they consid er everyone equally none is favored or prioritized unless he/she is capable and prove themselves by fulfilling the tasks assigned. They motivate their employees by providing them the opportunity to apply for a vacant position which shows that how much they are valued. team work is valued because they consider that an employee is no good to the organization if he/she cannot cope up with the team, everyone can work for themselves but a admittedly dedicated individual is that who matches his desired needs with the organization demands.

Investigation of Tetracycline Antibacterial Activities

Investigation of tetracycline Anti bacteriuml ActivitiesNOR FAEZAH BINTI ROSMIDIEscherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium, which discovered and named after Theodor Escherichia and belong to family Entero bacteriumceae family. E. coli is classified as same stem as other bacterial such as Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdoferi, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori and many more species that be well cognise in medical world. E. coli transmitting can be found all over the world and more common in tropical country. This infection especially can be transmitted through diet because the infections atomic number 18 mainly due to begrime food. Thus, this infection can be called as food-borned disease. An individual can get infected when consumed foods that are contaminated with dirt. However, not every individual that consumed contaminated food can get the infection. This is because, in that respect are certain criteria to be fulfilled. Firstly, thither must be charact er of infection, which means, E. coli must present in the food. Then, the individual is eating food contaminated with pathogen, as the main itinerary of infection is through orofecal. Lastly, the bodys immune organisation cannot get rid of the pathogen, which eventually ca apply disease. This study is conducted to isolate, characterize and survey germicide activities of E. coli in media and take out. A total of 3 sample is unruffled from the stock culture and labelled as EY1, E27 and E31. closing off is made on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and identified by using one thousand staining under microscope. To check for the germicide activities, minimum inhibitory minginess (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time knock down render are done. Results reveals that the MIC value for E. coli is 128 and MBC value is 1024. duration-kill seek kink disclose that the chemical reaction of tetracycline to the bacteria in media and milk slightly different furthe r yet, able to achieve bactericidal effect of the drug.1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionMastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is predominantly due to the effects of infection by bacterial pathogens, although mycotic or algal microbes play a role in some cases (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016b). in that respect are many factors that influence the development of mastitis including microbial, military and environmental (Contreras Rodrguez, 2011). Any opportunistic microbes that can invade tissue and causation infection can lead to mastitis. The pathogen that use this transmission mode are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Corynebacterium bovis. They may spread from oxen to another cattle through aerosol transmission and invade the cup of tea causing bacteremia. there is other route of infection, which is through the environment of the cattle. The pathogens that associated with environmental reservoirs are Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (Ronald J. Ers kine, 2016a) Post-milking tit dipping, dry cow therapy, well-maintained milking equipment, and culling of cows with chronic mastitis have successfully controlled contractable mastitis bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus (Makovec Ruegg, 2003). Milk samples poised from cows on Wisconsin dairy farms clearly demonstrated that environmental bacteria are the most common causes of clinical mastitis. (Pamela L. Ruegg, 2015)Once inside the handbag, E. coli procreate rapidly, causing influx of the inflammatory cells. As neutrophils ingest and kill bacteria, endotoxin is released and along with other inflammatory mediators causes severe local inflammation. This inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability, changes in milk composition and damage to the mammary epithelial cells, which may result in the characteristic watery or serous milk secretion.The treatment for mastitis include administration of antimicrobial via the intrama mmary route or parentally (Gruet, Maincent, Berthelot, Kaltsatos, 2001). Unfortunately, despite the best possible antimicrobial treatments, failures of bacteriologic recruit are common, especially for S. aureus mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the reasons for measly cure rates (Candrasekaran et al., 2014).There are other reasons, which are the focusing and iatrogenic factors, drug factors, mastitis-causing organism factors and also mammary gland factor. However, the major reason is the insufficient contact of the antimicrobial with the mastitis-causing organisms at the site of infection is a major cause of mastitis treatment failure (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2007). Some bacteria such as S. aureus can localize inside host cells past restrict the concentration of drug in the cells. E. coli can form biofilms, a condition where the microorganisms structured within an array of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and adhering to a living or inert surface with the f unction of protecting the microorganisms in stress environments (Costa, Espeschit, Pieri, Benjamin, Moreira, 2014). The stalkless cells ar scatd in biofilms tend to be more resistant to antimicrobial therapy compared with plantonic free cells, due to the slow diffusion of the antimicrobial in the upcountry layers of the biofilm (Costa et al., 2014). Also, to be effective, drugs need to be free and not inhibited by other components. Some drug may have high similarity binding towards protein. Thus, some component in the milk, for example, casein, may bind to the antibiotic and reduce the free the drugs in the udder. In the case of S. aureus infections during lactation, it has been estimated that the bacteriological cure rate is only within 25% to 50% only (Kiro R. Petrovski, 2015).1.2 bother StatementEscherichia coli is one of the major cause of mastitis development. Based on the seek done in Wisconsin dairy farm, 21% of the mastitis case result from the E. coli infection. in spi te of of all the treatment given, the therapy has not been successful. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activities of Tetracycline against E. coli from clinical mastitis in goth media and milk.1.3 enquiry QuestionsThis study is knowing to answer either tetracycline can demonstrate equivalent antimicrobial faculty against E.coli in addition medium and in milk?1.4 Research HypothesesThis study is constructed to answer the hypothesis, either tetracycline demonstrates equivalent antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli in growth medium and milk.1.5 Research ObjectivesThis study is conducted to achieve a set of following objectives -To suss out minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coliTo determine minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of Enrofloxacin and against the pathogenic E. coliTo perform time kill assay of Enrofloxacin against E. coli2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Definition of mastitisMastitis is sw elling of the mammary gland that frequently caused by bacteria ingoing the teat canal and moving up to the udder and there are two types of mastitis, which are contagious mastitis and also environmental mastitis (Dairy Australia, 2007). Contagious or cow-associated mastitis generally related to the bacterial infection that causing disease, which are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (Dairy Australia, 2007). The bacteria present in the udders or on teat skin and spread either by splashes of disease-ridden milk or sprays during stripping on milkers hands or teatcup liners and by print flow of milk between teatcups (Dairy Australia, 2007). Meanwhile environmental mastitis evanesce when the provide which used to house the cattle is contaminated (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a). It is not only occupation on the bedding of the cattle, the infected soil, manure, calving pads and water host bacteria can also causing this disease to developed (Dairy Australia, 2007).Mastitis come in two forms, which are subclinical and clinical, however, subclinical form is rare to be find (Ronald J. Erskine, 2016a).2.1Escherichia coliEscherichia coli is no longer bizarre in our communities. This Enterobacteriaceae is a Gram-negative bacteria. It cannot sporulate and can be found commonly in the intestine. This bacteria have a characteristic of glucose fermenting, acid producing, nitrate minify and oxidase negative. It also have facultative anaerobic characteristic which can grow easily at 37C. Physically, E. coli is petty in size, approximately 1-2 x 30-30 , with flagella. It has no capsule and also no mucus layer. There are several antigen structures that play an important role for the identification of this bacteria, which are K antigen, H antigens and O antigen. K antigen can be found in the capsules, a compound in the group of polysaccharide. H antigen can be found in flagella and O antigen can be found in the cells or the body as it is a substance in the group of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide (Wiwanitkit, 2011).Despite the fact that most of E. coli are harmless and beneficial, there are species that have the ability to cause disease, and they are divided into groups fit in to the mechanism of pathogenesis. The groups are enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). EHEC is a group that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and can end up with a specific crookedness called uremia haemolytic syndrome. EIEC or also known as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) causes licentiousness. ETEC is a major cause of travelers diarrhea and diarrhea in group of infants in developing countries. E. coli toxic products from the gut causes problems to the patients body. EPEC is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and EAEC is a new pathogen (Wiwanitkit, 2011).2.2 MastitisMastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and is a major endemic disease of dairy cattle. It commonly occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial sources present on the farm, and can also occur as a result of chemical, mechanical or thermal disfigurement to the cows udder (AHDB Dairy, 2017).3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Samples collectionThis study is conducted in laboratory of dexterity of Veterinary Medicine in University Malaysia Kelantan. The bacteria sample, which is Escherichia coli is isolated from the stock samples of the laboratory. There are three samples, which are EY1, E27 and E31.3.2 Samples preparationThe samples are cultured on the nutrient agar for 18 to 24 hours at 37C.3.3 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coliThe bacterial colony on the nutrient agar is then cultured on the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar and gram staining is done.3.4 Minimum Inhibitory ConcentrationMinimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are determined using the brot h micro dilution method. A range concentrations of antimicrobial is prepared in a 96 well microplate, followed by inoculation of bacteria culture to yield approximately 5105 cfu/ml in a 250 final volume. The plate is then incubated in 37C for 18 hours. The lowest concentration of antimicrobial that inhibit bacterial growth is taken as MIC value.3.5 Minimum Bactericidal ConcentrationThe dilution representing the MIC are aliquot volume of the broth and spot onto Nutrient agar. The agar is then incubated 18 hours with 37C. No growth indicate that antibiotic is bactericidal at that concentration. If there is present growth indicative that antibiotic work as antibiotic only particularly on the dilution.3.6 Time Kill hindranceTube containing designated concentration of antimicrobial will be inoculated with 105 cfu/ml of bacteria in Nutrient agar, followed by incubation at 37C, in an incubator shaker at 200 rpm. At 0, 1, 4, 24 hour post inoculation, 50 aliquots will be taken out, serially diluted in saline and plated on Nutrient agar. Plates will be incubated for 18 hours at 37C followed by colony counting. An antimicrobial is considered bactericidal if there is 3-log decrease in cfu/ml of bacteria counts, as compared to the growth control. 4.0 RESULTS4.1 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coliColony of E. coli on EMB agar is small to medium circle in size and shape, with dark green and glossy, embossed and polish appearance.4.4 Time Kill curbSAMPLE EY1 (x103)T0T1T4T24MEDIA support cx1201351501X MIC421121one hundred ten2X MIC26422605X MIC201211015X MIC131310 take outCONTROL1231351411561X MIC46351731102X MIC4626111005X MIC32148015X MIC371340Table 1 Time kill tab Results for Sample EY1 in x103SAMPLE EY1 (x106)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL5.56.06.757.51X MIC2.10.551.055.52X MIC1.32.11.305X MIC1.00.60.55015X MIC0.650.650.050milkCONTROL6.156.757.057.81X MIC2.31.758.655.52X MIC2.31.30.555.05X MIC1.60.70.4015X MIC1.850.650.20Table 2 Time kill arrest Results for Sam ple EY1 in x106Figure 3 Time-kill curve for E. coli (EY1) against Tetracycline on media and milkSAMPLE E27 (x103)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL1131261411541X MIC6429491112X MIC583518105X MIC42222015X MIC301110 take outCONTROL1271391451611X MIC48361801002X MIC5852301115X MIC412218515X MIC4722205Table 3 Time kill undertake Results for Sample E27 in x103SAMPLE E27 (x106)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL5.656.37.057.71X MIC3.21.452.455.552X MIC2.91.750.90.55X MIC2.11.10.1015X MIC1.50.550.050MILKCONTROL6.356.957.258.051X MIC2.41.89.05.02X MIC2.92.61.55.555X MIC2.051.10.90.2515X MIC2.351.11.00.25Table 4 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E27 in x106Figure 4 Time-kill curve for E. coli (E27) against Tetracycline on media and milkSAMPLE E31 (x103)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL1151211371451X MIC5941391142X MIC573727435X MIC553923015X MIC243370MILKCONTROL1211401491651X MIC56401801082X MIC7150451165X MIC51261210215X MIC5825130Table 5 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x103SAMPLE E31 (x106)T0T1T4T24MEDIACONTROL 5.756.056.857.251X MIC2.952.051.955.72X MIC2.851.851.352.155X MIC2.751.951.15015X MIC1.21.650.350MILKCONTROL6.057.07.458.251X MIC2.82.09.05.42X MIC3.552.52.255.85X MIC2.551.30.65.115X MIC2.91.250.650Table 6 Time kill Assay Results for Sample E31 in x106 Figure 5 Time-kill curve for E. coli (E31) against Tetracycline on media and milk

The Security Issues With Social Networks Media Essay

The Security military issues With Social wampumworks Media EssaySocial networks such as Facebook and twitter are becoming more and more popular among the junior generation. Social networks were designed to keep in touch with friends no division where in the world they were located. Parents though are worried that their childrens secrecy is non protecting on the fond network. According to pole results realised virtu all in ally parents cogitate their children share to a great deal schooling online and that the search engines are non doing enough to protect them. Privacy is the ability to conceal personal discipline close yourself from other people tho if if they wish to show their randomness it is selective. Parents are increasingly worried that their children are under threat by hackers and conmen, parents want far more education and leadership about online concealing, and they distinctly want the industry and the federal government to update privacy policies.Crite ria B- The IT mise en scene of the IssueSocial networks are places where you faecal matter communicate with others no lease where they are in the world and is also a ways of chat for other purposes such as business. A brotherly network is a social structure that maps out the relationships between individuals. Technically we all perish to one giant social network, but we also belong to smaller, tighter social networks defined by our families, our friends, where we live, where we work, where we went to school, our hobbies and interests and much more. Social networks are helpful as they help us to keep all the people we know in one place and we are able to communicate with news report at any time, imagine if you sat down with a pen and paper, it would be difficult to map out all the people with whom youre connected and all the people with whom theyre connected. Thats why social-networking Web sites are so powerful.Criteria C- Impact of the IssueThe main issue of social networks are privacy concerns. blush though social networks were set up for people to keep in polish off with friends and family around the world but despite these aspects the sites are dangerous because much information is shown. This causes parents to worry about how much information is put online. Even though most information is put on these networks is voluntary rough things are not meant to be public but hostage issues efficacy occur, a security issue occurs when a hacker gains unauthorized attack to a written language. These breeches into personal information are a problem because people might be exposed in inappropriate manners and personal information can be gathered to do be used inappropriately. Also, talking to friends over lunch, the Internet keeps a permanent wave record of what we say to each other. If you are having an online conversation with your friend(s) then you should be aware that conversation can be seen by countless others and that a record of that conversatio n will be kept somewhere on the Internet.Criterion D- A Solution to a problem arising from the IssueThe solo solution is for the website to create a way to privatise information to users but at the same time be shown to users that you wish it to be shown. The users theme selves can more carefully approach to what they share and with the growth of social networks, its becoming harder to effectively monitor and protect site users and their activity because the tasks of security programmers becomes increasingly spread out. The growth of users of these sites has grown very rapidly take this as an example, if a prison whose inmate count jumped froma a few(prenominal) dozen to 250 million in less than five years only employed 300 guards (in the case of MySpace). In reaction to the growth of rack to users most chief networks are now enabling users to set privacy controls for who has the ability to view their information. But increase privacy settings are not always definite privacy. Als o Do Not remember methods can be used on social networks but developed in such a way that it becomes Do Not Track Kids interchangeable stated in the article.Parents survey says social networks dont protect kids privacyCNN electrify Staff(CNN) Most parents think their children share too much information online and that search engines and social networks arent doing enough to protect privacy, according to poll results released Friday. more than 90 part of the parents surveyed by Zogby International say they are concern that their children share too much information online, and 75 percent said they would rate the job social networks are doing to protect online privacy as negative. The results, released by the nonprofit advocacy organization Common Sense Media which accredited the poll do not mention particular social networks or websites by name.Common Sense Media CEO James Steyer said the deficiency for reform is ingest.Parents want far more education and leadership about online privacy, and they clearly want the industry and the federal government to update privacy policies, Steyer said in a statementThe organization begins a play Monday aimed at protecting kids personal information and reputations online.We need a Do Not Track Kids approach similar to the Do Not Call policies that restrict telemarketers, Steyer said.The results also include a survey of 401 teenagers aged 15 to 18. Common Sense Media said 79 percent of the teens surveyed also think their friends share too much personal information online, and 85 percent of them want search engines and social networking sites to ask for permission before apply personal information to market products.The poll results present a clear divide between the industrys view of privacy and the opinion of parents and kids, Steyer said.To conduct the online poll of parents, Zogby International used a take of 2,100 pornographics from its online panel, which the polling firm says is representative of the adul t population of the United States. The sampling margin of error is 2.2 percentage points.The sampling margin of error for the online poll of teenagers was 5 percentage points.Criterion E- BibliographyCNN fit Staff, 2010,Parents survey says social networkes dont protect kidsprivacyhttp//www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/10/08/parents.poll/index.htmlWikipedia, Privacy,http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy profligate Company, Privacy and security issues in social Networkinghttp//www.fastcompany.com/articles/2008/10/social-networking-security.htmlHelp Net Security, Social networking privacy issueshttp//www.net-security.org/article.php?id=1331How stuff works, How social networks workhttp//communication.howstuffworks.com/how-social-networks-work.htm

International Business Environment

supranational concern Environment1. International championship environs give-and-take0)Business mean to busy in an bodily process, which atomic number 18 related to nones or so barter bring 50% chances of profit and losses.(Morrison, j. 2002)Business is operated in every slice of the world. As the chore grow. It is looking for tender opportunities across the border. International occupation is the bound use for the operation and objective of the organisation that engage naval divisionicipation in opposite countries. For guinea pig Tesco, Ford, General Motor, McDonald, Disney, so umpteen different(a) companies. These companies guide key screenest to standardise their product for general acceptance. The world-wide trading becomes much complex. Tie between the contrastive societies and organisations. (Meldrum, D.H) as personal credit linees inter into new trade it chances of 50% losses increases. Due to different in frugal, governmental, cultural body structure, policies, geography and currencies. These factor decreases profit ratio of worldwide devotement. on that point atomic number 18 no specific criteria to measure much(prenominal) in- stableness. Every investor employ their own method and measure. Uncertain condition of earth make unoccupationatic for worldwide business to design their own perceptual constancy criteria.(Considering danger in planetary business) Business has no idea ab egress the local anesthetic try. Its knotty to operate and manage in much(prenominal) condition where the Culture, Social, Economic, policy-making, and sound structure argon not stable. In such cause the outside(a) business hire to take all the measurement either its Commercial, Culture, Social. Political or legal mental unsoundness before enter into new securities industry place or earth.2. International business(McCulloch, C.1999)International business is started as with the formation of starting line national bord ers. Greek started such occupation before the Christ be by the British in 1600 when they establish the East India Company throughout the Asian as trading dissipated. With passage of time world(prenominal) business is started all over the world especially in United S gumminesse. (Czinkota et al., 1999) The outside(a) business brings countries together. It makes the world as global village. It mixtures the ideas, schooling, service, and upper-case letter across the hoidenishs borders. This results in best used of cardinalder-hearted great(p) increases employee opportunity. Equal proceeds of wealth, footing constancy, availabilities of goods and services to severally and every integrity. It bring new environment of friendship, growing, stability, prosperity, cornerstone and technology in the world. Due to the global business same cast of product ar used throughout the world. For object lesson ford, Toyota, Honda, and McDonald, KFC, burger king, and so many other things which are use worldwide.International business brings globalisation in the production. For example dell computer it different part are produced in different countries, assemble these parts in another and sell it in yet other countries.3. Definition of world-wide business(Book4) The commercial activities get over national borders. It regard the international movement of good, capital, services, employees and technology importing and trade cross-border deeds in intellectual property (patents, trademarks, know-how, copyright materials, etc) via licensing franchising and management contracts.Book3 ) the transaction done by individual or organisation cross the countries. To meet the objective by mean of trade, import and orthogonal direct investment. And it carried out in wholly owned, joint venture, licensing, franchising and management contracts4. Problems of international businessBook4) International business experiences some difficulties when they operate in other cou ntries.International businesses have to deal under the local rules and regulation. Have to use foreign languages. rugged to get information approximately foreign countries.Deal in foreign money. The convince rate may be varied.When deal in other countries their culture and social value must be taken in account.The risk factor is advanced in foreign countries include political, commercial, and pecuniary. chat and control of international business is difficult.Difficult to absorb the demand of the international market.Most of time is waste in research and survey of the local market trends.5. Meaning of stabilityJ1) Stability is very important for the human life. Without it there will be no culture no organisation and no society. (dictionary) gibe to oxfords dictionary. Resistance to change, deterioration or displacement. Stability is a ship in the sea which adjudge its upright position either the condition is.Stability importanttain for enormous period of time and it resist to all the changes that happen in the surrounding. According to Aldous Huxleys the stability is way of life. And life Moto is community, identity and stability. if we come to the countries stability it has great touch on all walks of life. J4) without the stability the coarse hearty be in depression. And their sanitary be no social security, health forethought, education, defence, base, rightfulness and protective services, low gross domestic product, GNI, AND PPP (Purchasing, Power, and Parity ), equipment casualty fluctuation, un-stable exchange rate, high rate of tax incomees, no leadership, no culture values, no innovation, no technology, financial position of the countries will be week, and have no capital market. Such condition is not considerable for the international business. Business development and prosperity are depending on the local and national conditions.bbok1) for example two(prenominal) South and North Korea. South Korea living standard is 10 generatio n better so North Korea. GDP of 46.4m compare to 22 m GDP of North Korea. This full-grown different is only because of stability of the twain countries. North Korea tries to sop up the foreign investment but poor infrastructure, un-reliable major cause supply, poor transportation and impermanent military condition are the big barriers for the foreign investor. On the other hand South Korea has stable political, frugal, legal environment, and stable infrastructure. Which cause of attraction for the international business and South Korea main stream business are Daewoo, Hyundai, and LG. These are the internationals brands.6. Instability of the countriesJ9)Different business make their own criteria to measure domain in-stability but closely the factor involved in uncouth in-stability is closely related to each other.Political unbalanceEconomical instabilityCultural instabilityLegal instability financial instability side and neighbourhood6.1 Political instabilityBook3)Politic al stability present an important role in the stability of the area. Due to political stability international business are attracted to invest in the country, despite their location, weather, and intrinsic resources availability. Boo4) politics is define asthe direction and administration of state regimen andthe control of aggregate social relationshipBbok5)However, political instability is a great risk for the international business. Usually these are three risks. willpower risk, in some causes the ownership of the international business is shifted to the master of ceremonies country without any compensation to international business through confiscation or expropriation.Operation risk, international business faces such situation. Due to the security, change of truth and disposal activity, terrorism, arm conflict, civil war, tax regulation, and so on.Transfer risk, transfer of money from one country to another, in which the government rules are involved, high exchange rate, and tax on transfer of money.J5)Political instability hop on due to around-the-clock change in government, and impartiality, nationalism corruption in the government officer. warning is Pakistan where the government change regularly. this hit security risk, inflation and high corruption.Terrorism, internal is external war (arm conflict), kidnapping, example Afghanistan, Pakistan Iraq, and Serra. Jouranl2 according to Gupta (1990) he use ten elements to explain the political in-stabilities.Number of political demonstrationsNumber of riots Number of demolition (assassinations)Armed attack eventsPolitical executionsNumber of death from political forcefulnessOccurrence of successful coups dtatOccurrence of un-successful coups dtatNumber of strikes andNature of government democracy or dictatorship.Bo5)Political fluctuation has deplorable impact on international business. In such condition international business before inter into new political environment need to get all informat ion. Need to make such epitome.Government of the country in the political party hand (democracy). Or it power in the hands of one person (dictatorship).The countries have rationalize market or the government control it. Is government encouraging the international business to invest in local market to achieve the scotch goals?Who are the customers and competitors of the international business private or public sector?Is Policy making of the country is according to law?Is the change of government the economic policies well change or remains same?B4)Political in-stability affect all signifier of business even it home or foreign. To make decision virtually the future investment in foreign country information about the country political condition are collected from the following sources. person-to-person visit to country get information from local business. Bank, stock market and international credit control agencies. And from local news.Get information from the country embassy. And from locals who have expert knowledge about the country situation.International domiciliate of commerce is one of the best sources of information.From the minister of the home country. Get export opinion from the local people who are specialist in a particular field.6.2 Economic instabilityBook1)Countries are considered stable if they have high national income. Price stability, high capacity of production of products and services, high exercise grade with technological innovation and high investment. And the indicator of the economic growth high rate of GDP affects the high standard of living, heath and capital investment. These factors are very important for international business to invest in such rescue. Government and economics are interrelated with each other. If government is stable economy is stable by itself.jour6) Political instability affects the GDP growth of country. It is called politicalization of economic growth. Economic growth is not modify by the nature of th e government (democracy or dictatorship). But it is affected by it policy either its fiscal or monitory. Develop economy have the following features. tall education rate, public health care services, and social benefit are available to each and every one in the country. scrimping has high defence system. General public and country assets are secure, no arm conflict and terrorism. For example Pakistan has security problem and internal terrorism due which economy is going win.Developed infrastructure mean of communication, transportation, power supply and the availability of banking and financial structure.( journal 7) For example power supply situation is very bad in Pakistan it have regular break down and not even fulfil the local requirement. Plus the transportation in Pakistan is not proper regulated. verdant has leave industrial and agriculture development.Developed monitory policy, for example country has price stability, equal distribution of money and money exchange rate is stay stable. For example Pakistan money exchange rate changes regularly. This increases fluctuation in economy.Economy has high government disbursement and low tax rates.Jouranl8) economy is realized only when exchange rate not remain stable in international market and government have high tax rates and low spending which increases fluctuation in economy. And inflation is increases in the country. And economic situation is considering in-stable. Book 6) to increase trade between countries economic axis vertebra are establish. For example Europe, North America, South America and Asia pacific areas. Countries in economic bloc have high rate of gross national product then the non member countries.Book 7)international business have prier information about the economic situation and make such abridgment before investing in the country.Population of the country, power of consumption, income level, balance distribution of money, industrialisation and agricultural activities.GNP rate, r ate of growth, GNI rate, price stability, rate of inflation, money exchange rate, government taxes and spending. foot transportation, communication, mean of power supply, banking and availability of financial intuition.Size of economy and economic system centrally planned economy, mixed economy or market economy.Number and size of competing unit. Balance distribution of business or firm have market monopoly.Life style, shopping pattern, urbanisation, heath and social services, accommodate environment, law and defence and education level.Sources for international business to get information about local economy is World Bank, IMF, Government get out info, and international economic services.6.3 Cultural instabilityBook6) culture can be defined in different ways(Meeds) Share patterns of behaviours(Hofstede) Collective mental computer programing Culture is different from nation to nation, because of language, religion, ethic, and behaviours. These have direct military unit on life style, education, economic, organisation and political structure, law and regulation. Culture separates the world into different nation and state. Most of conflicts within country barber are burn down due to culture difference. This divides country into two parts. For example Pakistan and India separate from each other only due to culture difference.Language is different from country to country. In most countries people used more than one language. Which rise issue of culture different in the same nation. For example Pakistan has more than one language. Which rise race issue in same country. And create economic, political, law and order, unequal distribution of wealth crises in the country. Affect the stability of the country.Book2) From the last one decade religious race is rise in the world. Divide the world into two religions Islam and Christianity. And create terrorist and religious extremist. For example Telenor Denmark bustling company operated in Pakistan last lots busines s and offices across the country during period of 2005 and 2006 due to religious riots and strikes to protest blasphemous cartoon against Islam was publish in one of Denmark news paper. outlandish with culture extremist is considered unstable. And most of investor shows lack of confidence in investing such countries. Following analysis international business need to done before invested in such countries.How starchy Culture County have. Number of Culture conflict in the country. And their effect one local and international business.Business has information of Religious extremism activity in country. And number of religious strikes and riots.Information about local social, comminute and market culture.Number of language in country and racism activity in country. and law and order situation of country.6.4 Legal instabilityBook india)Law varies from countries to county. Country law is according to their political and economic situation. And design by Government and society. Law deal all aspects of business either it is contract, employment, tax regulation, property protection, company law, competition, health and safety, environment, human right, product liability, trade mark, patents, nationalization, currency exchange, and foreign currency. Court or juridical system exercises such law in country. In most countries court system is weak, and law change regularly with change in government. Corruptions in system, conflict are remission outside courts. Delay in court decision. Judicial system is not free in constitute under the supervision of the government. For example Pakistan where judicial system is unstable and government supervise court. This created lots of security problems in country. And it have considerable unfavourable situation for foreign investor.J9)In some causes country law put barrier in way of foreign investor. Country law put restriction on transfer of funds. This creates transfer risk for international business. mettlesome tax rates on for eign investment. fasten export and import policy. Analyses of international business before invest in a country.Business has information about common, civil, public and criminal law. And have idea about country law for foreign investment.How local law protect the intellectual property like trademark, patents, registration and copyright.How the court or judicial system institute, court system in country is strong or weak, law have their own freedom or it work under the supervision of government.Business has information about law of data protection and personal details.How health and safety, human right regulation work at the place of work.International business can get such information from sources World bank report, human right organisation, UNO, country financial report, news, and country legal report.6.5 Financial instabilityJ10) Financial instability slows down development process in the countries. Stock market of the country goes down. vocation decreases and done with conside rable high prices. Financial institution is in deficit. Taxes and touch on rate are increases. Current account of the country goes in deficit. away borrowings are increases. Federal Reserve of the country decreases. Remittances are goes down. Fiscal position of the country becomes weak. Country cut down the social security and other health care benefit of general public. Cash flow in country slow down. Prices go high and selling decreases. Government spending in country goes down. Country exports are decreases. Unemployment increases, crime rate are high, capital loss and bankruptcies are the result of the financial instability. In such condition there are rear recovery solutions.journal11) Financial instability in country rise due to following reasonsUn-proper economic policies monetary, fiscal and exchange rate.Poor risk management of financial intuitions.Weakness of the government intuitions.Wrong measurement of the international financial market.J12 In this situation their are many risk for international business to invest in such country. Where exchange rate is not fixing and fluctuated regularly. It is a real risk for investor. Under and over valuation of the money caused loss to investor. For example currency rate of Pakistan is regularly fluctuated although country foreign policies is very relax to attract the foreign investor but due to financial instability international business are reluctant to invest in Pakistan economy.J13)Sovereign is another risk for international investor. When host country is not able to meet loan obligation. Country is run out of foreign exchange due to financial instability.6.6 posture and neighbourhood(Jour14)Location and neighbourhood play an important role on the stability of the country. Stability in country and good relationship with their neighbourhood are favourable condition for international business. Countries with same culture, value, ethic and believes, establish a economic bloc where neighbour country share free trade, no restriction of immigration, and they have it off the same currency. And remove all barriers from trade and they enjoy smooth business with each other. For example the European countries they have free trade agreement. And have one common currency. This brings stability in countries and economic progress as well. If business invest in one of country. Business can cover the market of it neighbouring countries as well. For example Nissan and Toyota establish coiffure in UK and it covers the on the whole Europe market.Journal15) On other hand countries in area where situation is not stable. It has effect on other countries. For example Chechnya was in state of war due to Chechen war whole reign was in uncertain condition. It war effect economic and political instability in neighbour countries as well.Similarly Pakistan border are near to Afghanistan and India. Pakistan political and domestic relationship with India is not good and both have many dispute. This creates i nstability in area. On other part of Pakistan have Afghanistan border. Afghanistan is suffering with terrorist activity in the area. Such terrorist activity are now inter inside of Pakistan area. As the distance increases from the investor country it increases in risk of control and communication problem. It cause delay in business operation. Some causes business not gives quick response to economic and political changes in the area. Due distanced of management control from the host country.7. Table 1Instability impact by investment typesDirect investment succinct term financial short term loan long term loanInstabilityprivate sectorprivate sectorto governmentto governmentEconomic High Low Low check offPolitical High Low Moderate HighCulture High Low Low LowLegal Moderate High High HighFinancial High High High HighLocation High Moderate Low ModerateTable show the impact of instability on type of investment.Journal 98. List of unstable countries of the worldVenezuelaPakistanColombi aIndonesiaEcuadorNigeriaIvory coastNorth KoreaJournal 169. goal and recommendationThe process of location of foreign operation in a new country must be carried out carefully. Firm which coach to invest in foreign country need to make analysis of capital development, economic, political, culture, and legal stability not to make analysis on the risk involved in country. Almost of countries have risk in past. the investment of international firm bring changes in the situation. And country becomes economically stable. The country with risk has no competitor in the area. And with inter of international business it make positive impact. Create more employment, which increases consumption power of people. International business have high rate of profit. As the international business making contribution toward the economy of the country the government of host country give international business some relaxation in law and ensure him all kind of security as business need to do their operati on.In order to minimise risk in foreign operation international business need to inter into new county as trader (exporter-importer) or most commonly inter as joint venture with same size local company.

Developing Wireless Communications to Space Essay example -- Science O

A big potential problem in the future is developing a wireless communications network in outer space. In this paper we give discuss the problems presented with this and the potential solutions to these problems victimization existing and some futuristic technology. We have broke this into two primary(prenominal) intermits, one cosmos earth to satellite to planet and back, and the different organism planetary ground transmission to and from astronauts to rovers to space stations. The solution has already started being implemented and will continue rapidly into the near future. It is called the Interplanetary Internet. As of now it is an array of floating nodes or satellites scattered around in space that can communicate with each other. In the future a backbone of satellites is envisioned with their own high speed protocols. There will also be large antennas on earth and possible other planets hundreds of feet high, amplifiers scattered throughout space, photovoltaic p owered satellites, and high precision equipment on multiple planet surfaces. The architectural concept to this is deceivingly simple. The first part is developing Internet protocols to form local networks in quiet environments with petite delay. This could be done with free flying spacecraft here on earth or another planet. The second part is to develop a deep space structure of satellites interconnecting LANs. This includes multiple space ground information relay satellites. The third part is implementing a new overlay a new protocol concept called bundling to tie together the Internets. This is based on a routing concept in which multiple messages will be bundled and sent through a series of Internets. The problem with this is not the equivalent as here on earth. Here it is billi... ...face devices completed the elements of the hardware setup. (NASA Takes..)In conclusion the improvements to the current inter-planet system of communication involves increasing the num ber of nodes in space, development of peer to peer hardware nodes and improvement of protocols to deal with coherent delays and interference. Works CitedNASA Takes the Internet into Space. 13 Dec 2003. TechNewsWorld. 10 April 2007. . Mars Wants Wi-Fi. 15 Jan 2004. Wi-Fi Planet. 10 April 2007. . NASA tests WiFi mesh networks. 22 March 2004. GCN. 10 April 2007. . NMSU researchers helping NASA develop systems to transmit data from Mars. 14 Oct 2004. SpaceRef. 10 April 2007. .

The Tragedy of Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Children

Each day in the United States more than three children die as a core of child subvert (Giardino, 2010). This statistic is too high and there need to be changes to overcome this problem. As a p arent you are expected to record of your children and treat them the right way. This is not always the case and children end up being abused in the home were they are supposed to opinion safe. Changes need to be made to medical awareness to help storage area children safe.Imagine being a child abused constantly by an adult who should be taking care of them. Instead youre neglected, beaten, slapped, burned, or even molested. Since the advocates are the main ones performing the disservices somebody else must let out up, speak out for them. Thats where healthcare providers come in. These same children are brought to the doctor for various illnesses and checkups. Since those persons in the medical field are dexterous to recognize potential signs and symptoms abuse this may be the only pro spect of rescue for these children. There are several types of listed abuse neglect, emotional abuse, maternal substance abuse, abandonment, and exceptions. Child abuse or neglect means the physical injury or neglect, mental injury, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, or vilification of a child under age 18 by a person under circumstances that indicate that the childs health or welfare is harmed or threatened. (Giardino, 2010) Maltreatment means an stand for or omission that results in circumstances in which there is reasonable bewilder to suspect that a child may be a child in need of aid, as described in except that for purposes of this chapter, the act or omission need not have been committe... ...Healthcare workers but in actuality its everyones job because it does take a village to raise a child. ReferencesChancy, S. (2009) The truth about the sexual abuse of children and its afte rmath. The trauma myth. New York, NY Perseus Books Group.Chandler, M. (2010 Jul. 24). Laws on sex abuse in schools. (Retrieved from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/07/24/AR2010072400242_pf.htm)Evans, M. (2010 Sept.16). The torturing tradition of foot binding in China. Retrieved from http//www.pattayadailynews.com//en/2010/09/16/the-painful-tradition-of-foot-binding-in-China/Giardino, A., & Giardino, E. (2010 Jan.27).Child abuse and neglect. Retrieved from http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/915664-printSimmons, M. T. (2011, February). Interview with Dr. Michael Collins, Pediatrician, Pediatrics of Florence.

A Dream Deferred :: essays research papers

What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry up handle a raisin in the solarize?Or fester like a sore-And then run?Does it stench like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagslike a dull load.Or does it explode?While Langhston Hughes authors this poem, A Dream Deferred, it can easily be interpreted as Toni Morrisons description of Nel and her vitality of sorrow and dissatisfaction. Sula and Nel, the protagonists in Toni Morrisons Sula, are individually the unaccompanied daughters of mothers whose distance leaves the young girls with dreams to erase this solitude and loneliness. There is no question that Sula alleviates this aloneness with a unintellectual and experimental life, "Im going down like one of those redwoods. I accepted did live in this world"(143). Nel, however, for the most part, fails terribly at realizing her dreams and experiencing a happy existence. Compromising her individuality, her emotional stability, and her dre ams mark Nels banal and unfulfilling life.Early in Nels life during a trip to New Orleans, she watches as her mother is humiliated by a trains white, racist conductor she watches the indignity of her mothers having to squat in an open line of merchandise to urinate while white train passengers gaze and she watches her mothers shame at her own Creole mothers libidinous lifestyle. Her mothers submissiveness and humiliation evokes a fear, an anger, and an energy in Nel. Her emotions intensify as she makes a declaration to neer be her mother, to never compromise her individuality, "Im me. Im not their daughter. Im not Nel. Im me. Me"(28). Figuring that her "me-ness" will take her far, she exclaims "I want...I want to be... wonderful"(29). However, that trip to Louisiana "was the last as salubrious as the first time she was ever to leave Medallion"(29).Initially, Nels self-declaration empowers her to ensue that dream of independence. She gathers power and joy, and "the strength to cultivate a friend in spite of mother"(29). Nel achieves a degree of her self-described "me-ness," her dream, a separation from her subservient and disgraceful mother, resulting in a new found complacency, "Nel, who regarded the oppressive neatness of her home with dread, felt comfortable in it with Sula"(29). This happiness was enclose in both girls, "Their meeting was fortunate for it let them use each other to grow on"(49). Unfortunately, as she left Medallion only one time, Nel would discover and enjoy this "me-ness" only one time.

Free Huckleberry Finn Essays - Inappropriate for Children :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Adventures of huckleberry Finn - Inappropriate for Children   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is, not and should not, be considered a childs story.  A story like this may corrupt a small childs mind.  It deals with adult themes and concepts that are generally not suitable for young children.  Als o, if used as a childs story it may flurry them or make it them the do by idea astir(predicate) slavery and the nomenclature of the time.           First of all, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is extremely inappropriate for children because it may put bad ideas into a young impressionable mind.  At the young age of about twelve, Huck is roaming around the woods all by himself and later on is flo ating aimlessly down the Mississippi River with a bunch of criminals.  Huck is living what may appear to the children to be a very exciting and glamorous life.  nearly parents would never steer thei r children the wrong way in life, dont want to declare childr en about a kid around their age or little older than they are that is homeless and basically cheating and larceny to survive.  This fable explains in depth about various scams such as the Wilks brothers scam, and the teaching schools like the dancing sch ool or yellow cution.  In adjunct to the royal nonesuch plays which teach children that all you need to do is disengage the money and run like the King and the Duke did.  After reading this novel the majority of children wont go out and try to scam their n eighbors.  However, it may seem like an appealing lifestyle for them.  It may also give them the impression that being a con man for a living, or being homeless and wandering is a wonderful and glorious harum-scarum lifestyle, and because your Mommy or Daddy tells it to you, it must not be the wrong thing to do.           In addition to giving the wrong ide a about life, it is a brutal and vulgar book that children should not be exposed to.  There are a couple of deaths like when Colonel Sherburn kills a guileless town drunk named Boggs.  Earlier on Huck is staying with a the Grangerford family that is in the middle of a feud with the Shepherdson family.

The Plague Essay -- essays research papers

The PlagueThe rats did it Rats, about single handedly, killed off about a third of the europiuman community throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. Its effects on western shade still lasts today, but for the raft who lived during the plagues wish indeedthat they did not. Society was depressed, the miserliness was struggling, food was scarce,and all of atomic number 63 was in battle. Who would want to live in these dramatic conditions?No angiotensin converting enzyme, and not for centuries to come. The Plague, also known as the glowering Death, or the Bubonic Plague, which struck in 1346, and again in 1361-62, plundered all of Europe to the extent of bringing gruesome death to millions state of the eye Ages. It was a combination of bubonic, septicemia, and pneumonic plague strains that started in the einsteinium and worked its way west, but never left its native home. unrivaled of the things that made the plague unrivaled of the worst was that there were outbreaks almost both ten years but still restricted to Europe. It is thought that one third to one half of the population in Europe could dumbfound possibly died due to the plague with some towns of a death browse of up to 30 or 40 percent. Very few that were infected with the plague actually survived more than one month afterwards receiving the disease. The drear Death was an incredible event that effected everyone on a physical level, emotional level, or both. The benighted Death was more terrible, and killed more mickle than any war in history. The plague was so horrible and tremendous that people said it made all other disasters in the Middle Ages seem like a walk in the park when compared it to the Black Death. The infested rat, called the black ship rat, was carried in the baggage of merchants on board ships change of location all over the Mediterranean. They didnt know it, butIt was the people that actually parcel out the disease across the land. The plague spread in a great arc across Europe, starting in the east in the Mediterranean Sea, and ending up in Ger galore(postnominal). It is incredible that the plague hit Europe several times, but still no one understood uncomplete the causes nor the treatments of the epidemic.Although the Black Death was one of the largest epidemics ever recorded, it did not have many visible symptoms. The actual symptoms varied i... ...e seen along with the cathedrals started in the 12th and thirteenth centuries and never finished because of the plague.The effects on the future were not as bad as the effects the 14th century people experienced. after the plague had set in on Europe and took its toll the people began to stop writing and in turn stop reading. The citizens became illiterate and showed no real interest in the arts. The European population steadily declined after 1350 for the next century. In 1351, it was calculated that the total number of dead in Europe was approximately twenty-four million people. That is a g reat belittle considering that there was an estimated seventy-five million people living in Europe before the Black Death struck. The Plague certainly had one of the great effects on the world in all areas, and was also one of the greatest displays of human suffering ever. The Plague caused the people of western elegance to lose family, food, society, and basic fundamentals of living. It seems that bad or depressing situations glide by us a grasp on what is really important in our daily lives, and that is what we all need.

How OR can Aid the complex problem of Management Decision Making :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

How OR hobo Aid the mixed problem of Management Decision fashioningHow OR can aid Management Decision Making modern-day businesses have more need to phone future operations than those of the last(prenominal) do. Managers in large corporations have to summarise and analyse the various selective information available to them when making decisions. The U.K. OR Society defines the operational re attend decision-making proficiencys as a scientific model of the system, incorporating measurements of factors such as chance and risk, with which to predict and comp be the outcomes of alternative decisions, strategies/ take fors. The purpose of these techniques is to help management determine its insurance and action scientifically. The models of OR are symbolic or abstract representations of certain life problems.Examples of techniques that can be used by managers for use in decision making are for example, forecasting. Statistical forecasting is to an extent, an extension of the vat icination of a dependent variable. A reasonably accurate forecast can be extremely valuable for a marketing or proceeds strategy.Time series forecasting attempts to capture the past behaviour of the m series and uses this information to predict future values. No external predictors are considered. (Kvanli et al, chapter 17)The types of factors that determine the strengths of forecasting are the time horizon of the forecast the stationarity of the information and the presence of trend, seasonality or cyclical activity. The the true of forecasting can be measured by calculating the MAD, MSE and the MAPE. These are useful for comparing the accuracy of a particular forecasting technique on two divers(prenominal) time series.The advantage of forecasting is that there is no need to search for external predictors to explain the behaviour of dependent variables. The main disadvantage is that the find values can be extremely complex and difficult to progress to out. Such methods are o ften hard to sell to managers who may non be able to understand the technique. However as mentioned earlier, if a technique is reasonably accurate, it is invaluable to managers.Networks are another decision-making technique that concerns the planning and the control of specific projects. The aim of networks is to complete the project in the shortest time, using the to the lowest degree resources with the minimum cost. Methods that can be used are CPA (critical track analysis) and PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique).The advantages of networks for management decision making are that they provide a logical picture of the layout and sequence of a complex project.

Waste Prevention Essays --

Table of limitWastes rogue NO 3Literature Review Page NO 4Environment Prevention Page NO 5 gaga Substances curriculum Page NO 5Waste Management Program Page NO 5Air Quality Program Page NO 6 Getting closer to the clearer Image Page NO 8References Page NO16 Nearly everything we do leaves rear end well-nigh kind of drive away. Households create ordinary garbage. Industrial and manufacturing processes create truehearted and hazardous waste. (U.S Environmental bulwark Agency, 2003) Different programs at the National, Provincial and sequestered level are carried out which serve the purpose of preventing the environment. These types of programs protect us from the hazards of waste disposal Conserve energy and natural resources by cycle and recovery Reduce or eliminate waste, and Clean up waste, which whitethorn have spilled, leaked, or been improperly disposed of. Hazardous waste comes in many shapes and forms. Chemical, metal, and furniture manufacturing are some examples of processes that create hazardous waste. These programs tightly regulate all hazardous waste from cradle to grave. They also ascertain garbage and industrial waste. Common garbage is municipal waste, which consists mainly of paper, kilobyte trimmings, glass, and other materials. Industrial waste is process waste that comes from a encompassing range of operations. Other federal agencies or accede laws manage some wastes. Examples of such wastes are animal waste, radioactive waste, and medical waste. (U.S Environmental certificate Agency, 2003) Literature Review State and federal requirements control Hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal activities. Most municipal waste (garbage) is managed in accordance with state requirements that meet federal mu... ...the coffee shop instead of getting a disposable cup there. Buy rechargeable toner cartridges so that they can be re utilize and use papers that has already been printed on one side in your printer and copy machine. Donate old clothes and miscellaneous items to a shelter or charity instead of throwing them away. Donate unwanted equipment, furniture, and supplies to noncommercial organizations or schools. Have a garage sale. Repair, refurbishes, and sells or donate used furniture. Support construction from reused building materials and deconstruction/reuse, rather than demolition. (Region 9, 2002) ReferencesEnvironmental Protection Service Retrieved as on 07-31-2003http//www.gov.nt.ca/RWED/eps/environ.htmFlorida Department of Environmental Protection, (March 11, 2003) Longer abiding Landfills Focus of Environmental ResearchNew technology sponsored by DEP

Death in A Streetcar Named Desire Essay -- A Streetcar Named Desire Th

Death in A Streetcar Named DesireTennessee Williams uses the theme of death continually in the prevail AStreetcar Named Desire through the use of salient imagery andliteral references. The characters of Blanche and Mitch are used themost frequently to discourse Williams hold obsession with death. Thoughneither of the characters actually obsesses nearly death, Blancheslife has been smothered by the deaths of those she dears and thecoming death of Mitchs mother is an obvious motivation for hisactions.Blanche first voices the theme of death in the rattling first scene whilstdiscussing the fate that has befallen Belle Reve. She passionatelyraves at length about the horrible deaths and her experience of lovedones dying around her all of those deaths Father, Mother, Margaret,that nasty way The horrific visions of bloated bodies and thestruggle for breath and breathing have intelligibly cast a permanenteffect on Blanches mind. She talks of the quiet funerals and thegorgeous boxes t hat were the coffins, with bitter, black humour. Thedeaths of Blanche and Stellas family are important to the play asthey highlight the desperation of Blanches situation through the itemthat she has no other relative to turn to. This makes Stellasdecision at the end of the play seem even harsher than if Blanche hadjust simply shown up on her doorstep instead of going elsewhere.Stella states that Blanches life has been severely change by thedeath of her husband, Allan. Blanches marriage killed her illusionswhich keep be interpreted literally. Blanche states that she fell inlove all at once and much, much too completely, however, her lovewas unrequited since instead of returning the love Blan... ...o have experienced some sorrow,which Mitch agrees with, thus revealing that he has been affected bythe loss of this girl. This statement also emphasises much ofBlanches own views on sorrow and explains how it has affected herlife since she has made the comment from in-person experien ce.To conclude, Tennessee Williams melodramatic use of death and dying is anoverarching theme in A Streetcar Named Desire, from which everythingabout Blanches character has formed from. Without the death of Allan,Blanche would non have resorted to prostitution and the brief affairswith strangers, also the deaths of her family have determined Blanche toStellas where she is not wanted and ashamed to be. Thereforethese dramatic deaths have lead to the past which comes back to hauntBlanche meaning that she can never find happiness until she dies andis forgotten.

Martin Luther King Jr. :: essays research papers fc

The just about Influential Person of the 21st centuryThe Civil Rights Movement is unity of the just about important events of the history of the United States. Although many people contributed to this movement, Martin Luther King, Jr., is widely regarded as the leader of the movement for racial equality. Growing up in the Deep South, King saw the injustices of segregation first hand. King&8217s studies of Mahatma Ghandi teachings influenced his views on effective ways of protesting and achieving equality. Martin Luther King&8217s view on nonviolent resistance and equality and his enormous effect on the citizens of America makes him the most authoritative person of the twentieth century. King can be considered influential in his preaching of nonviolent protest during the civil rights movement. King speedily realized that there were two alternatives in the struggle against &8220the forces of injustice (Ansbro, 233) violence or passive resistance. He decided against violence for obvious reasons. During this time in America, the African American community represented only ten percent of the supply population. King mat that this made it impossible for African Americans who lack attack to weapons to successfully wage a violent revolution against the white majority. each attacks by the civil rights workers or their followers would surely result in counter attacks bythe segregationists, resulting in the injury and deaths of many of King&8217s followers. With these points in mind, King came to the conclusion that the best strategy in gaining the rights of African American was the use of non-violent protest. He believed that violence only &8220intensifies evil,(Ansbro, 231) instead of promoting bed and violence among all races. King&8217s purpose in promoting nonviolence assume action was to create a situation so crisis packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiations. He felt that practicing nonviolence would portray his followers as moral bein gs while making obvious the brutality of the segregationists. King&8217s preaching of nonviolence was monumental in succeeding in demonstrations such as the Montgomery bus ostracize and the desegregation of public schools. King&8217s reaching of nonviolent direct action furthers the arguments that King is the most influential person of the twentieth century. non only did King feel it was necessary to preach nonviolence in order to achieve equality among all Americans, he also felt it was important for his message to appeal to all people regardless of race. patronage of the injustice being inflicted upon them by the segregationists, King felt it was important for African Americans to love and respect people of all races.

Discover The Adventure of a Lifetime in South Dakota Essay -- Tourism

Named for the Dakota branch of the Sioux Indian Nation, the State of South Dakota is a state that tells the legend of Americas westward elaborateness in a way that just cant be lay down elsewhere in the country. From gold strikes to battles with the Indians, South Dakota is one state that fulfills the typical Hollywood image of the Old West. However, visitors to this fascinating state will find that the story of South Dakota is much more interesting than any Hollywood occidental that they have ever seen. All in all, South Dakota offers visitors the adventure of a lifetime.South Dakotas Natural AttractionsOne of South Dakotas finest natural drawing cards is Bad subverts National place near Rapid City. This national park comprises 244,000 acres of protected land that features wildlife like bison and antelope. In addition to this, there atomic number 18 numerous fossils that are found within the park that provide an interesting look into this lands geologic past. With hundreds of miles of hiking trails and numerous other activities for visitors, Badlands National ballpark is one natural love that nature lovers will definitely enjoy.Another fantastic natural attraction in South Dakota is the Black Hills National timberland near Deadwood. This resplendent woodwind instrument covers an area of 125 miles long and 65 miles wide and features round of the most majestic rock formations and canyons found anyplace in the coupled States. In addition to its rock formations, this forest offers some of the finest biking and hiking trails found anywhere in the United States. All in all, visitors to Black Hills National Forest leave with a deeper appreciation for the gorgeous natural beauty found in this region.South Dakotas Cultural AttractionsBesides having numerous ... ...uth Dakota an adventure to look upon for the rest of your life.SourcesTop 10 Vacation Attractions in South Dakota, resource Hotelshttp//centralus.choicehotels.com/south-dakota-hotels/top10att ractionsMost Popular Attractions, South Dakota.comhttp//www.southdakota.com/most-popular-attractions/328South Dakota, Wikipediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_DakotaBadlands National Park, National Park Servicehttp//www.nps.gov/badl/index.htmBlack Hills National Forest, South Dakota.comhttp//www.southdakota.com/black-hills-national-forest/103Black Hills National Forest, US Forest Servicehttp//webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache-ibL4Cz7AvIJfs.usda.gov/blackhills+black+hills+national+forest&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us& thickening=firefox-aWall Drug, South Dakota.comhttp//www.southdakota.com/wall-drug/282

Effects of Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay -- Alcohol Alcohol

Effects of alcoholic beverageic drinkic drink and Fetal alcoholic beverage SyndromeWorks Cited MissingAlcohol plays a major role in society today. It is constantly being in our minds through advertisements, whether its commercials orbillboards, holidays, or even just at the popular social scene. Alcohol isconsumed for many purposes, such as celebrations, to increase romance, out ofboredom, or a fashion to relax. Alcohol is a drug that is depended upon by themajority of our society. N wiztheless, alcohol has real damaging effects, notonly does it caexercising self-inflicted diseases resembling alcoholism or cirrhosis of the liverof the liver, but it harms unborn fetuses as well. Many women drink alcoholwhen they do not even know that they are pregnant yet. Alcohol tin can causedisorders such as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FAS, is a congenital disorder which ischaracterized by a variety of physical and behavioral traits that result fro mmaternal alcohol breathing in during pregnancy. The term Fetal Alcohol Effects,FAE, indicates that alcohol is being considered as one of the possible causes ofa patients turn in defects. In other words, FAE is a less severe form of FAS.Both FAS and FAE are the results of the use of teratogens, which are nongeneticinfluences that can potentially complicate fetal development.(Harris, p.85)FAS is due to the mothers uptake of alcohol during pregnancy.Alcohol in the womans bloodstream circulates to the fetus via the placenta.There, the alcohol intrudes with the capability of the fetus to receive asufficient amount of oxygen and livelihood for normal development in the brainand other body organs. The full of life time for alcohol teratogenicity is aroundthe time of conception.Effects of FAS/FAEAlthough alcohol is the only cause of FAS, there are unfortunatelynumerous effects. Infants with FAS may pack a weak imbibe response and anirregular sucking pattern early in life. Some doc tors describe them asdistracted and fatigued when sucking. Withdrawal symptoms such as prolongedtwitching, jitteriness, sweating, and hyperactivity contain similarly been reported ininfants exhibited to alcohol before birth. (Timberlake and Birch, p.1)Prenatal alcohol word-painting is one of the leading known causes of mentalretardation in the coupled States. Mental retardation is usually mild tomode... ...st bean increase in the number of women who desist from alcohol during theirpregnancies. To reach that goal further search needs to continue. There mustbe an improvement in earthly concern health surveillance methods, a refinement inmethods used for identifying children who have been affected by prenatal alcoholexposure, a demonstration in the effectiveness of primary prevention programs,and an investigation on the effectiveness of subaltern intervention strategies,such as foster-care placement and special education strategies.(Centers for unsoundness Control and Preventio n, p.4)Not all women who drink during pregnancy will have an infant with FAS orFAE, but if there is a 40-50% risk of harming the fetus, why chance it? Womenshould be more careful when drinking, because drinking often leads to arouse evenif it is not planned. The best prevention for FAS/FAE is to either abstain fromsexual intercourse while consuming alcohol, or abstain from alcohol whileplanning a pregnancy. Therefore sexual partners should use birth control.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects are in full preventable and theresponsibility lies within the role of being parents.

The Grapes Of Wrath Essay -- essays research papers

In the epic pic Grapes of Wrath, director John Ford depicted a saga of one family exhausting to survive the 1930s. In watching this film, it helped me to understand the hardships of the American migrants. The characters showed unique traits and dealt with problems all(prenominal) in a different way.The Dust Bowl was an ecological and sympathetic disaster that took place in the southwestern Great Plains region, including Oklahoma. Misuse of body politic and years of sustained drought caused it. Millions of acres of farmland became useless, and hundreds of thousands of people were coerce to leave their homes --many migrated to California. As the land dried up, great clouds of dust and sand, carried by the wind, covered everything and the word "Dust Bowl" was dubbed. This movie describes a familys journe...

Essay on Common Threads in Yellow Wallpaper and Story of an Hour

Common Threads in The Yellow Wallpaper and The novel of an Hour In her article Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper, as it appeared in The Forerunner (1913), Charlotte Perkins Gilman put updidly reveals her personal boloney of noetic disease and her subsequent journey to wellness after she rejected the expert advice of her physician. She retells the story, with whatever embellishments, in her swindle story The Yellow Wallpaper. Her own nervous division and prescribed rest cure, popular at the time, brought her close to utter mental ruin. With some help from a friend, and using what resources were left to her, she began to write again, intending to design this story as a means of saving others from beingness impelled crazy. The Yellow Wallpaper was published in May 1892, amid a put over of rejections and protestations. Nevertheless, her story has been told, and I think there are many women who can relate to what she has experienced, to varying degrees. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, in A Feminist variant of Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper (818), identify the specialist as S. Weir Mitchell, a famous affection specialist at that time. Gilman was forbidden to write until she was well, which, of course, was worse for her than her postpartum depression. The resemblance in the story of rings and things in the nursery parallel feelings of being locked away from creativity, and the gate at the top of the stairs in her pep pill story bedroom may be symbolic of her imprisonment. In her short story, the enforced confinement prescribed by her physician husband brought her to a realization that she was imprisoned not only physically, but also in her mind and in her will. Ultimately he would not dominate her, and she ref... ... of spectacular irony. No one but the reader knew what heights Louise soared to and what depths of despair she plummeted to. That this story made such a big impact on me in only two pages shows how great a writer Kate Chopin really is. whole shebang Cited and Consulted Bender, Bert. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 8. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1991. 64-65. Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. tertiary Ed. Ed. Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell. Fort expense Harcourt Brace, 1997. 70-72. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-paper. Literature Reading, Reacting,Writing. 3rd Ed. Ed. Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell. Fort Worth Harcourt Brace, 1997. 160-172. Shumaker, Conrad. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 13. Ed. David Segal. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1993. 164-170