The Rather Interesting History of Speak and Spell

The Speak and Spell is a handheld electronic device and educational toy with a very interesting place in history. The toy/learning aid was developed in the late 1970s by Texas Instruments and introduced to the public at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978. Its claim to fame is that the Speak and Spell was the first commercial product to use a brand new technology, called DSP technology. According to the IEEE: the Speak and Spell digital signal processing (DSP) innovation in audio processing is the starting milestone for the huge digital signal processing industry that has a more than $20 Billion market today. Using digital signal processing has grown tremendously with the development of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion chips and techniques. Digital signal processors are used in many of the consumer, industrial, and military applications. Digital Signal Processing By definition, DSP (short for digital signal processing) is the manipulation of analog information into digital. In Speak and Spells case, it was analog sound information that was converted into a digital form. The Speak and Spell was a product that was the result of Texas Instruments research into the area of synthetic speech. By being able to speak to children, the Speak and Spell was able to teach both the correct spelling and pronunciation of a word. Research and Development of the Speak and Spell The Speak and Spell marked the first time the human vocal tract had been electronically duplicated on a single chip of silicon. According to the manufacturers of the Speak and Spell, Texas Instruments, research on the Speak and Spell began in 1976 as a three-month feasibility study with a $25,000 budget. Four men worked on the project in its early stages: Paul Breedlove, Richard Wiggins, Larry Brantingham, and Gene Frantz. The idea for the Speak and Spell originated with engineer Paul Breedlove. Breedlove had been thinking about potential products that could use the capabilities of the new bubble memory (another Texas Instrument research project) when he came up with the idea for the Speak and Spell, originally named The Spelling Bee. With technology being what it was at that time period, speech data required a challenging amount of memory, and Texas Instruments agreed with Breedlove that something like the Speak and Spell could be a good application to develop. In an interview conducted by Benj Edwards of Vintage Computing with one of the Speak and Spell team members, Richard Wiggins, Wiggins reveals the basic roles of each of the team in the following way: Paul Breedlove originated the idea of a learning aid for spelling.Gene Frantz was responsible for the overall product design: spelling words, case design, display, and operation.Larry Brantingham was the integrated circuit designer.Richard Wiggins wrote the voice processing algorithms. Solid State Speech Circuitry The Speak and Spell was a revolutionary invention. According to Texas Instruments, it used an entirely new concept in speech recognition and unlike tape recorders and pull-string photograph records used in many speaking toys at the time, the solid-state speech circuitry it used had no moving parts. When it was told to say something it drew a word from memory, processed it through an integrated circuit model of a human vocal tract and then spoke electronically. Made specifically for the Speak and Spell, the Speak and Spell four created the first linear predictive coding digital signal processor integrated circuit, the TMS5100. In laymans terms, the TMS5100 chip was the first speech synthesizer IC ever made.

Ejusdem Generis Examples - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3164 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The word ejusdem generis means of the same kind or nature.[1] The rule of ejusdem generis is that where particular words are followed in general, the general words should not be construed in their widest sense but should be held as applying to objects, persons or things or the same general nature or class as those specifically enumerated,[2] unless, there is a clear manifestation of a contrary purpose. To put in a slightly different language, where general and special words, which are capable of analogous meaning are associated together, they take colour from each other and the general words are restrained and limited to a sense analogous to the less general.[3] The principle underlying ejusdem generis is applied when the statutory provision concerned contains an enumeration of specific words, the subject of the enumeration thereby constituting a class or category but which class or category is not exhausted at the same time by the enumeration and the general term follows the enumera tion with no specific indication of any different legislative intention. This rule which normally envisages words of general nature following specific and particular words to be construed as limited to things which are of the same nature as those specified, also requires to be applied with great caution and not pushed too far so as to unduly or unnecessarily limit general and specific words to dwarf size[4]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ejusdem Generis Examples" essay for you Create order The ejusdem generis doctrine has been described in the words of Lopes LJ in Smelting Co. of Australia v. Commissioner of Inland Revenue,[5] as meaning: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"that where general words immediately follow or are closely associated with specific words, their meaning must be limited by reference to the preceding words. Ejusdem generis is not a rule of law but a rule of construction,[6] which enables a court to ascertain the intention of the legislature when the intention is not clear, and does not warrant the court is subverting or defeating the legislative will by confining the operation of a statute within narrower limit than intended by the law-maker. It should be resorted to not for the purpose of defeating the intention of the legislature but for the purpose of elucidating its words and giving effect to its intentions. It is based on the idea that if the legislature intended its general words to be used in an unrestricted sense so as to embrace the objects, persons or things covered by the particular words, it would not have taken the trouble of using particular words at all.[7]Whether the rule of ejusdem generis should be applied to a particular provision depends on its terms and the purpose and object the provision is intended to achieve. The fact that this particular rule has been applied to one provision is not indication that it should be applied to another provision, even if it recurs in the same enactment.[8] The rule of ejusdem generis is not of universal application. It is merely a rule of construction and as such it may be of no assistance when the intention of the legislature is not plain as to require no resort to canons of construction. The rule is to be made use of only where the language of the statute under consideration is somewhat vague and uncertain. The rule of ejusdem generis is applicable when particular words pertaining to a class, category or genus are followed by general words. In such a case the general words are construed as limited to things of the same kind as those specified. The rule applies only when: The statute enumerates the specific words; The subjects of enumeration constitute a class or category; The class or category is not exhausted by the enumeration The general terms following the enumeration, and There is no different indication of a different legislative intention. If the preceding words do not constitute mere specifications of a genus but constitute description of a complete genus, the rule has no application. If the subjects of enumeration belong to a broad-based genus, as also to a narrower genus there is no principle that the general words should be confined to a narrower genus.[9] In order to attract the doctrine of ejusdem generis it may be rightly said to be necessary that following factors must be taken into account; The statute contains an enumeration of specific words which constitute a class or genus; The said class or genus is not exhausted by the enumeration; The general words follow the specific words; The legislative intent is not clearly manifest in favour of according broader meaning to the general words. It may however be said that since the class of enumeration may often be an artificial creation the rule of ejusdem generis is at times described as a dangerous yardstick with which measure the legislative intent, requiring caution in its application.[10] The doctrine of ejusdem generis should not be invoked; Where the intention of legislature is clear; Where it would result in disregarding the plain language of the statute; Where the perusal of the statute as a while indicates that the legislature intended the general words to go beyond the class specially designated; Where the specific things enumerated have no common characteristic and differs greatly from one another; or Where the particular words embrace all objects of their class so that the general words must bear a different meaning from the particular words or be meaningless.[11] Specific words which precede general words not controlled by the latter which follows the former The principle underlying this approach to statutory construction Is that subsequent general words were only to guard against some accidental omission in the objects of the kind, mentioned earlier and were not intended to extend to objects of a wholly different kind. This is a presumption and operates unless there is some contrary indication. But the preceding words or expression of restricted meaning must be susceptible of the import that they represent a class. If no class can be found, ejusdem generis rule is not attracted and such broad construction as the subsequent words may admit will be favoured. If a class can be found but the specific words exhaust the class, then rejection of the rule may be favoured because its adoption may make the general words unnecessary; if however the specific words do not exhaust the class then adoption of the rule may be favoured because its rejection would make specific words unnecessary.[12] Francis Benion further opined that the ejusdem generis principle be applicable only when there is sufficient indication of a category that can properly be described a class or genus, even though not specified as such in enactment. The genus must be narrower than the words, it is said to regulate. The nature of the genus is gathered by implication from the express words which suggest it. McCardie J. said in SS Magnhild (owners) v. Mclyntyre Bros and Co.[13]:   far as I can see the only test seems to be whether the specified thing which precede the general words can be placed under some common category. By this I understand that the specified things must possess some common and dominant feature.[14] Where meaning is plain If the intention of legislature is clear, the occasion for introduction of this rule would not arise.[15] General and comprehensive words should receive their full and natural meaning unless they are clearly restrictive in their indictment.[16] In Commissioner of Income Tax v. Laxmidas Devidas[17], Beaumont C.J. observed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The so- called ejusdem generis rule which, I cannot help thinking is sometimes misapplied in India à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is merely a rule of construction. When you have general words following particular words, the general words are limited to things which are ejusdem generis with the particular word. But that rule being one of construction should never be involved where its application appears to defeat the general intent of the instrument to be construed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Where the object of the legislature has been clearly expressed and the intention is to extend the scope of the general words, a wider meaning should be given to the succeeding words.[1 8] This rule ought to be applied with great caution, because it implies departure from natural meaning of the words, in order to give them a meaning which may or may not have been the intention of the legislature.[19] To ascertain intent The rule of ejusdem generis that words are to be interpreted by the association in which they are found, is applied as an aid in ascertaining the intent of the legislature and not to subvert it when ascertained, and gives no warrant of narrowing alternate provisions which the legislature has adopted with the purpose of affording added safeguards.[20] Hence there is no room for the application of ejusdem generis unless there is genus or class or category.[21] Application of the doctrine for interpretation of statutes The doctrine of ejusdem generis may be applied when following conditions exist: The statute contains an enumeration by specific words; The members of the enumeration constitute a class or category; The class is not exhausted by the enumeration; A general term follows the enumeration; There is distinct a genus which comprises more than one species; There is not clearly manifested an intent that the general term be given a broader meaning than the doctrine requires.[22] The doctrine of ejusdem generis should be restricted only to cases where the generic words follow specific words in the very same clause or sentence. But where the object of the legislature had been clearly expressed and the intention is to extend the scope of the general words, a wider meaning should be given to the succeeding words. The doctrine of ejusdem generis not only applies when there is more than one thing mentioned and then an expression of general import and intent added in the end, but also where there is only one[23]. Limitation on application of the doctrine The rule of ejusdem generis has to be applied with care and caution. This is not an inviolable rule of law, but it is only permissible inference, in the absence of any indication to the contrary.[24]If some words are specific and general words follow them, the general words should be restricted to the same genus or category as the specific word. This rule of ejusdem generis will not apply: If the specific words do not come under a genus or category[25]; or Where the context of the whole scheme of the enactment and the object and mischief of the enactment do not require such a restricted meaning to be attached to the words of general import.[26] It is only when generic words follow the more specific that the rule of ejusdem generis comes into play and not when the specific words follow a general term.[27] Role of Ejusdem Generis in interpretation of statutes The doctrine is an attempt to reconcile a incompatibility between specific and general words in view of other rules of construction that all words in a statute are to be given effect, if possible; that parts of a state are to be construed together; and that the legislature is presumed not to have used superfluous words. If the general words are given their full and natural meaning, that is, the meaning they would receive in the abstract, they would include the objects designed by the specific words, making the latter superfluous. The doctrine of ejusdem generis was only a part of wider principle of construction, namely, that, where reasonably possible, some significance and meaning should be attributed to each and every word and phrase in a written document.[28] The rule of ejusdem generis is founded upon the idea that if the legislature intended the general words to be used in an unrestricted sense, the particular classes would not have been mentioned. By application of this princip le the legislature is presumed to use general words in a restricted sense. The effect is the same as if the specific or the particular word was actually enacted by the legislature itself. Hence whenever this doctrine is applied certain words of limitation or restriction is read in a stature that should be treated as having been enacted.[29] Indian Cases involving ejusdem generis in Taxation matters Western India Theatres v. Municipal Corporation, Poona In Western India Theatres v. Municipal Corporation, Poona[30] , the respondent levied a tax of Rs. 2 per day as license fee on the appellants, who were lessees of a cinema house. The levy was under Section 59(1)(xi) of the Bombay District Municipal Act, 1901, which provides that the municipality could levy any other tax to the nature and object of which the approval of the Governor shall have been obtained. It was contended that Section 59(1)(xi) is unconstitutional in that the legislature had completely abdicated its-functions and delegated the power to the municipality to determine the nature of the tax to be imposed. The contention was rejected by the Supreme Court and one of the reasons given for the decision is: Although the rule of construction based on the principle of Ejusdem Generis cannot be invoked in this case, for items (i) to (x) do not, strictly speaking, belong to the same genus, they do indicate, to our mind, the kind and nature of tax which the municipalities are au thorized to impose. M/s Siddeshwari Cotton Mills Private Limited v. Union of India In the present case, the Supreme Court observed that the expressions bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, water-proofing, rubberising, shrink-proofing, organdie processing, which precede the expression or any other process in Section 2 (f) (v) of the Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944 contemplate processes which import a change of a lasting character to the fabric by either the addition of some chemical into the fabric or otherwise. Any other process in the section must share one or the other of these incidents. The expression is used in the context of what constitutes manufacture in its extended meaning and the expression unprocessed in the exempting notification draws its meaning from that context.[31] Amar Chandra vs. Collector of Excise, Tripura In the present case, the appellant challenged that the words any cause other than in Section 43 of Bengal Excise Act, 1990 must be read ejusdem generis with the causes in mentioned in Sec.42 of the Act. The Supreme Court held that this rule applies when (a) The statute contains an enumeration of specific words; (b)The subjects of enumeration constitute a class or category; (c) That class or category is not exhausted by the enumeration; (d)The general terms follow the enumeration; (e)There is no indication of a different legislative intent. Furthermore it was held that in the present case. it is not easy to construe the various clauses of S. 42 as constituting one category or class. But that apart, the very language of the two sections and the objects intended respectively to be achieved by them also negative any intention of the legislature to attract the rule of ejusdem generis. Therefore the expression any cause other than in Sec. 43(1) could not be considered ejusdem generis with the causes specified in clauses (a) to (g) of Sec. 42(1).[32] Commissioner of Central Excise, Meerut v. M/s Sundstrand Forms P. Ltd. In the present case, the question was raised with regard to Headings 48.09 and 48.16 of Schedule to Central Excise Act, that whether the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“carbonless paper emerging at intermediate stageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  would be classifiable under Tariff Heading 48.16 or not. According to him goods covered under Headings 48.09 and 48.16 are of same kind except that in latter heading the goods, other than in roll form or in rectangular sheet with at least one side exceeding 36 cm fall and that applying the principle of ejusdem generis, the carbonless paper whether printed or not which is not in roll form or in the sheet form with one side exceeding 36 cm would be covered under sub heading No. 48.16.[33] Sales Tax Commissioner v. Ram Kumar Agarwal In the present case it was argued that the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is narrower than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“deferred payment or other valuable considerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as per Sec. 2(h) of U.P. Sales Tax Act, merely enlarges the ambit of the consideration beyond à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , but they do not, carry it outside the scope of term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“other valuable considerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are general as compared to the two preceding more specific terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“deferred paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cashà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“deferred paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are also considerations, hence all the conditions for the applicability of the ejusdem generis rule are satisfied and the expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“other valuable considerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  can and must be interpreted restrictively here.[34] G.Radhakrishna Murthy and Ors. V. Commercial Tax Officer In the present case, the common question involved in all those writ petitions was whether à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“aggarbattisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  were to be included for Sales Tax under Item 36 of the First Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh General Sales Tax Act. It was held by the court that, an inclusive definition has to be taken while clarifying, that as per Entry 36 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cosmetic and toilet preparations would include scents, perfumes, face powders, talcum powders, hair tonics, hair oils, hair lotions, face creams and snows, pomades, depilatories, tooth powder, toothpaste, toothbrushes and shaving creams.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The things specially mentioned in the entry cosmetic and toilet preparations are all of the nature of personal application. Incense sticks or aggarbattis are goods of a different character altogether. These may emit a pleasant odour when burnt. That, however, will not bring aggarbattis within the class of articles mentioned in Item 36 of the First Schedule. All these goods are articles of personal application. Hence the Perfume in this context has to be construed ejusdem generis.[35] [1] Municipal Corpn v Saw Willie AIR 1942 Rang 70, p 72 [2] Rajaram Baijnath v Nandikishore Sheobux Rai (1975) MP LJ 419 [3] State of Punjab v Meluchand AIR 1968 Raj 72, p 76 [4] Grasim Industries Ltd. v Collector of Customs, Bombay (2002) 2 SCC 297 [5] Haji Mohammad v Province of Bengal (1942) ILR 1 Cal 343, p 347 [6] Bangalore Electric Supply Co. Ltd v CIT, West Bengal AIR 1978 SC 1272, p 1275 [7]Thakurani Gulabkunverba v State of Gujarat AIR 1966 Guj 1 [8] Hyderabad (Sind) Electric Supply Co v Union of India AIR 1959 Punj 199, p 202 [9]Municipal Corp of Greater Bombay v Bharat Petroleum Corpn Ltd (2002) 4 SCC 219 [10] Amarchandra v. Collector of Excise AIR 1972 SC 1863. [11] State of Punjab v. Mehrachand AIR 1959 Punj.222, at p.224. [12] Francis Bennion, Statutory Construction, pp.829-30. [13] [1920] 3 KB 321. [14] Siddeshwari Cotton Mills Pvt. Ltd. V. Union of India AIR 1989 SC 1019. [15] Kallingal Mosa Kutti v. Secretary of State (1920) ILR 43 Mad.65, at p.67. [16] Ali Gulshan v . State of Bombay AIR 1955 SC 810. [17] (1937) ILR Bom.830, at p.834. [18] Atul v. Ram Kishore AIR 1936 Orissa 77. [19] Smetling Co. v. Commrs. (1879) QB 175, at p.182. [20] United States v. Gilliland 312 US 86. [21] Indramani Pyarelal Gupta v. W.R. Nathu AIR 1963 SC 274. [22] Amarchand v Collector of excise (1972) 2 SCC 442, p 447 [23] Anil Kumar v Corpn of Calcutta AIR 1937 All. 603, p 617 [24] Municipal Corpn of Greater Bombay v Bharat Petroleum Corpn Ltd (2002) 4 SCC 219 [25] Maharashtra State Electricity Board v Talegaon Dabhade Municipality AIR 1967 Bom 75 [26] Lilavati Bai v. State of Bombay AIR 1957 SC 521, p 529 [27] In Re Ashraya AIR 1991 Kar. 10 [28] Brownsea Haven Properties Ltd. V. Poole Corpn. (1958) 2 WLR 137. [29] Usman (MHD) v. Union of India AIR 1965 All.269, at p.272. [30] AIR 1959 SC 586. [31] AIR 1989 SC 1019. [32] AIR 1972 SC 1863. [33] [2011] 271 ELT 326 SC. [34] (1967) 19 STC 400 All. [35] (1999) 113 STC 161 SC.

Trifles by Susan Glaspell - 1158 Words

Analytical Essay on Drama Trifles by Susan Glaspell Heidi Barnard South University Trifles’ By Susan Glaspell I believe had several small defining moments leading to the one larger defining moment, which brings together all of them together. The defining moment is the discovery of the dead bird hidden in the pretty red box, this leads back to smaller points such as her sewing and the bird cage. â€Å" Here’s some red. I expect this has got sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What a pretty box. Looks like something somebody would give you. Maybe her scissors are in here. (Opens box. Suddenly puts her hand to her nose.) Why—(Mrs. Peters bends nearer, then turns her face away.) There’s something wrapped up in this piece of†¦show more content†¦145), and as she says this Mrs. Hale compares the similarities between the bird and Mr. Wright’s deaths. Mrs. Peters reiterates that they don’t know who killed Mr. Wright. As the women sit and talk they begin to think about what it would have been like for Mrs. Wr ight to have that little bird to sing to her and then have silence again. Mrs. Peters relates to Mrs. Wright’s situation by sharing her story of having lost a child before, knowing the silence or sadness that comes with a loss like that. Mrs. Hale begins to blame herself for not being a better friend and seeing what was going on, And how she could have been a better neighbor she might have been able to change things. Knowing that they should be blaming themselves for what happened there. Mrs. Peter’s comments on what the men would think if they could hear them getting carried away with a dead canary the way they are and how absurd they must sound. But would they find it as absurd as they think or would it be the evidence they are looking for? As the men come back downstairs Mrs. Hale decides to try and hide the dead bird but it won’t fit in her pocket, at the last second Mrs. Peters puts it in her purse and hides it from the sheriff and attorney that enter the room. With this action, readers are lead to believe that the women have decided that Mrs. Wright in fact did kill her husband while he slept, and thatShow MoreRelatedTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pagesprimarily of a domestic nature. Trifles by Susan Glaspell indicates that a man’s perspective is entirely different from a woman’s. The one-act play, Trifles, is a murder mystery which examines the lives of rural, middle-aged, married, women characters through gender relationships, power between the sexes, and the nature of truth. The play, written in the early 1900s, long before the women’s movement and while men considered women their possessions. In the story of Trifles, it is easy to recognize theRead MoreTrifles By Susan Glaspell1000 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the author presents a predominant  theme of women and femininity. This theme reflects upon the underly ing message of the play, that women are not treated fairly and are not seen in the same light as men. Susan Glaspell demonstrates the common assumptions made by men towards women in terms of roles and degrading their value/insight. Throughout the play, Glaspell provides many instances to where a woman’s value or insight is degraded. Hale demonstrates thisRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell604 Words   |  2 Pages Trifles by Susan Glaspell is a one-act play that explores the theme of the gender roles and social positions of men and women in early twentieth-century America. The play is loosely based on the true event of the murder of John Hossack which Glaspell reported on while working as a news journalist in Iowa. Years later, she used her experiences and observations to create the play. Trifles is about solving the murder case of farmer John Wright. While Mr. Wright was asleep in the night, someoneRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell1034 Words   |  5 Pagessay goes. The 1912 play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, who was inspired to write this play from a story she covered as a reporter. A murder case is being held and authorities are getting down to it suspecting a woman of killing her husband in his sl eep. The character Mrs. Hale who is neighbors and friends with Mrs. Peters, the sheriff’s wife and Mrs. Wright, the woman accused of the murder of her Husband, Mr. Wright. The character Mrs. Hale, in the Susan Glaspell s play Trifles, is displayed as a empoweringRead MoreTrifles, By Susan Glaspell Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Glaspell’s one-act play Trifles is based on the murder investigation of John Wright. Minnie Wright’s isolation and the death of her canary are the major factors that led to the murder of her husband. Glaspell stresses the perceived supremacy of males when investigating the murder by giving the men lead roles in the investigation and by making fun of the â€Å"trifles† that the women are choosing to observe. It is ironic because the ordinary items observed by the women were thought of as â€Å"trifles†Read MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that ha s little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1507 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is a one act play written by Susan Glaspell in 1916, which was first performed on August 8th by the Provincetown Players in Provincetown, Massachusetts at the Wharf Theater. The author, Susan Glaspell, was born on July 1, 1876 in Davenport, Iowa. Over her lifetime she had become proficient in many different professions: Playwright, Actress, Novelist, and Journalist. For her works, she won an American Pulitzer Prize in 1931. The Provincetown Players was founded by Susan Glaspell and herRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to womenRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pages Susan Glaspell’s most memorable one-act play, Trifles (1916) was based on murder trial case that happened in the 1900’s. Glaspell worked as a reporter, where she appointed a report of a murder case. It was about a farmer, John Hossack who was killed while he was asleep in bed one night. His wife claimed that she was asleep next to him when the attack occurred. No one believed in her statement, she was arrested and was charged on first degree murder. In Trifles, the play takes place at an abandonRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1205 Words   |  5 Pagesreporters, Susan Glaspell, decided to write a literary version of this investigation and â€Å"Trifles† came to be. Susan Glaspell is a feminist writer from Davenport, Iowa who started off writing for a newspaper called Des Moines Daily News. Later on her literary career she left the journalism industry and founded a theatrical organization called ‘Provincetown Players’ on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In Trifles, Glaspell covers issues regarding female oppression and patriarchal domination. Susan Glaspell’s

The Break With Rome By William Shakespeare - 4767 Words

The Break with Rome was a process that began around the early 1500’s and is still in play to this day. Many historians studying the topic believe that the causes leading up to the Break with Rome were too complex and that they are of a nature that cannot be listed if you wanted to comprehensively analyze the ultimate cause of the Break with Rome. Thus leading to the causes being described as more of a process through a series of causes and not so much an ’event’. There are many debated causes of the Break between historians that argue over their validity and importance as to whether or not the cause was actually real and had big enough motives behind it to lead on to such a bigger event. The main causes that have been debated over for century’s are: the inability of Catherine of Aragon to provide a male Heir for King Henry that he so desperately desired to have, the love obsession with Anne Boleyn that historians believe subsequently led on to Henry wantin g to annul his marriage with Catherine with means such as a Leviticus testament from the bible, Pope Clement VII’s refusal to grant the annulment for Henry and the fact that Charles V, Catherine’s nephew may have had a role in it and Henry’s increasing want and desire in his conquest for power and money. All of these causes are believed by many historians to have played a vital role in the process that led to the Break with Rome in 1533. Following the Break there were many consequences as a result, which a few stillShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar Character Analysis Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The author of Julius Caesar is William Shakespeare, an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He was born on July 13 in 1564 and died in 1616. It was written to be a tragedy and was one of the seventh plays written off true events that happened in Roman time. Also includes Coriolanus, Antony, and Cleopatra. Drama of the play focuses on Brutus’ struggle between the conflicting demands of honor, patriotism, and friendship. Opens with â€Å"twoRead MoreA Historical Overview Of Julius Caesar Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesA Historical Overview of Julius Caesar (Shakespeare style) The fate of a nation determined by one man. With classic alliances and betrayals, the tale of Julius Caesar is still regarded as one of the greatest betrayals in human history. 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Comparing the American Dream of The Great Gatsby and...

When the first settlers came to America many years ago, they found freedom and opportunity. With hard work and determination an average man or woman could be prosperous. This concept was not only revolutionary in theory, but has proven to be true for many successful individuals. This idea has come to be known as the American Dream. Its foundation was based on good ethics; however, with the passing of time it has become distorted. The American Dream no longer stands for equal opportunity and hard work; it involves wealth, false happiness, materialistic possessions and high social status. Individuals who have achieved the materialistic American Dream give the appearance of perfection. However, for many, their lives are not as ideal†¦show more content†¦Daisy?s childhood not only gave the outward appearance of being ideal, but in reality it was flawless as well. On the exterior Nicole Diver?s childhood fits all the requirements of a perfect upbringing as well, however, like the American Dream, it, too, was imperfect. Nicole was born into an affluent family and she was ?a perfectly normal, bright, happy child? (Tender is the Night 126). However, after the death of Nicole?s mother, her father began to have an incestuous relationship with her. Nicole maintained the appearance of being ?normal?, but she eventually began to suffer from mental illness because of her past abuse. ?She had a fit or something-the things she said got crazier and crazier . . . Almost always about men going to attack her, men she knew or men on the street ? anybody (Tender is the Night 127). Nicole was diagnosed as having a ?divided personality?(Tender is the Night 128) and she underwent many years of therapy to rehabilitate her from her past sexual abuse. Both Nicole and Daisy?s childhood have the outward appearance of being perfect, however only Dais y?s childhood truly was. After Daisy married Tom Buchanan, their marriage appeared to be a happy union. They traveled to many places and people commented, ?it was touching to see them together?(The Great Gatsby 78).Show MoreRelated Comparing the Women in Fifth Business and The Great Gatsby Essay2011 Words   |  9 PagesComparing the Women in Fifth Business and The Great Gatsby Behind every great man lies a great women. In some cases the women herself may not always be good or ideal according to society. Nevertheless it seems to add character to the man, and also influences his actions and maybe even his morals. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraways realization of the equality of man altered through his origin sets him up as a morally sound standard, until confronted by Jordan Baker. The AmericanRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby2385 Words   |  10 Pagesfirst story. At the ages of fifteen to seventeen he attended the Newman School, it was a Catholic prep school, in New Jersey. There he met Father Sigourney Fay, who encouraged Fitzgerald to follow his dreams as a writer. (Werlock, Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Facts On File Companion to the American Novel). Moreover, Fitzgerald was the class of 1917 in Princeton, but due to an unfortunate ending to his relationship with Ginevra King, his social habits and health, caused a decrease in his GPA and overall

Disaster Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Disaster Nursing. Answer: Introduction Disaster usually occur throughout the world, which poses a public health threat as well as result in the tremendous effects with regards to the deaths , injuries , infrastructure along with facility damage and devastation . The nurses as the leading group of the dedicated health personnel, happen to be being part of difficult conditions with the aid of restricted resources, additionally they perform vital when especially when the disaster occurs (Yin, Arbon Zhu, 2011). The nurses have also served as the first responders, triage offices, provide information or the education and they also acts as the counsellors. Nonetheless, the health systems as well as the health care delivery in the catastrophe circumstances are only successful whenever the nurses have the skills in the disaster or maybe the capability to react rapidly together with effectively (Yin, He, Arbon Zhu, 2011). Based on ICN code, in support of the Members State and the Nurses they recognize on the urgent need to accele rate the effort in order to build the capacities for the nurses at every level to safeguard the population. Moreover, they will limit on the injuries and the death, as well as maintain the health system functionality and community health wellbeing, throughout the continued midst of the disasters. Determining on the nursing skills, which are relevant to the nurses participating in the disaster response medical team, is significant (Yan, Turale, Stone Petrini, 2015). The essay will provide on recommendations on how to enhance training of the nurses who are usually the first responders to a disaster situation. Moreover, the essay will provide an insight on how to improve on the capacity of the nurses in order to prepare as well as respond to the severe natural disasters. It is important to note that the nurses play a significant role in the response to teams at site where disaster has occurred (Chen, Chang, Feng, Lin, Chen, Lee Lai, 2017). The aspect the essay will explore majorly are the ways of determing on the nursing skills, which are the most critical for participating in the disaster site and the recommendation to be made to the different organization. Review of the literature According to research on Dorsey (2009), on their view on the ICN code on nurses and the people, the various nations are usually vulnerable due to the lack of funding for the disaster preparedness. Moreover, there may be effect of the disasters on the health care, the economic as well as the infrastructure of the region, which have been affected. Disaster could change the development that have been made in a country in seconds. The need to have a qualified individual who are ready to respond to the disaster as well as participate in the preparedness is very important (Li, Li, Yang Xu, 2016). Organization as well as group should address this issue through development of the competencies in order to describe on the role of the responders and through the development of the specialized educations as well as programmes. According to Dorsey finding they have noted that competencies have been developed for the public health workers, the health providers, and the emergence nurses. The nurses are the largest health care providers therefore; there is need for the development of their competences especially when it comes to disaster response and recovery (Li, Yang Xu, 2016). Nonetheless, WHO have observed that the nurses have demonstrated their values in various situation of disasters since they possess the knowledge as well as skills and ability to supporting the humanitarian efforts. However, the challenge they have been dealing with is the complexity of the disasters, which require every nurse to gain knowledge base as well as a minimum set of skill so that they could be able plan as well as respond to the disaster in a manner that is timely and much more appropriate. On the study done by Yin, He, Arbon Zhu (2011), on the research to explore the fundamental ICN code of the practices and the nurses especially in disaster site, clear shows that the top three skills, which are important to the nurse in the situation of disaster: are intravenous insertion, observation and monitoring as well as the mass casualty triage. The research was based on the situation where there was a Wenchuan earthquake disaster. Moreover, the nurse must all the time retain criteria of the individual perform that reflect on the clearly of their profession in addition to improve on the image along with the public assurance. Furthermore, they discovered that the nurses generally play an immense role particularly in the emergency response teams at the sites of an emergency. These people are generally equipped for the problems of handling the vast accidents because they have used frequent skills for instance debridement along with the dressing, observation and checking along wit h intravenous insertion (Yan, Turale, Stone Petrini, 2015). Nonetheless, there is little research, which has existed on the basic skills of the nurses that are needed when they first respond to a disaster situation (Yin, Arbon Zhu, 2011). This research concluded that the core skills, which are essential for the disaster response training, are the vast casualty transportation, the crisis control, fixation, observation along with monitoring, control of a given infection and the patient care recording. Based on the study done by Yan, Turale, Stone Petrini, (2015) highlighting the fundamental element of ICN code of nurses and their profession especially in the disaster nursing skills, knowledge and attitude found out the following. The nurses usually assume the major role especially when determing as well as implementing the appropriate specifications of the health related nursing technique, together with study and education (Ranse, Hutton, Jeeawody Wilson, 2014). The result further showed that the nurses need to receive training before they engage at the earthquake disaster sites just as the situation in China of the earthquake where some of the nurses did not have the training to handle such cases (Usher, Redman-MacLaren, Mills, West, Casella, Hapsari Amy, 2015). China need to support these individuals with the necessary education in order to implement training utilizing almost all the hazard technique, which are dependent with the international ideal practiced as well as train ees record of accomplishment of experience along with the knowledge. On the study completed by Loke Fung , ( 2014 ) exploring the considered emergency competencies in Hong Kong nurses emphasizes that the administrators of the hospital would need to develop an ongoing education to be able to prepare the nurses with the competencies required for the disaster care in their particular regions of specialty . The study revealed there is requirement for the skills for the Hong Kong nurses. Additionally , there is certainly need to utilize the ICN framework that could represent the guide and a modification along with its refinement in order to improve functionality as well as validity of the skills for the community. According to Li, Yang Xu (2016) highlights that the nurses usually play a crucial part of the disaster relief team as their main goal is helping individuals and the affected communities in order to achieve the best level of the health services. This aspect aligns with the ICN code of ethics as one of the element. It is therefore important for the nurses to acquire competencies in order to be able to respond to the disaster and avoid chaos and disorganization, which may increase casualties and property losses. The research further, found that the role of the nurses in the disaster usually extend beyond the disaster itself and there is need to have pre-disaster prevention and preparedness measures. Evaluation of the impact on health care and nursing practices Throughout the management of the disaster continuum, the nurses are usually fill array roles. The frequently role related to the disaster is they may be visible during the response phase, when preservation of the life along with the maintenance of the health. These are just accountable from the emergency preparedness together with response to a long lasting recovery and help to manage the health outcomes events. Disaster nursing normally requires one to apply the basic nursing knowledge as well as skills in difficult environment having scarce resources and altering conditions. They need to constantly adjust the nursing practices to prevent particular inference particularly when in a specific disaster circumstance whilst attempting to minimize the health hazardor perhaps the life threatening damage, which has been caused by the disaster (Alim, Kawabata Nakazawa, 2015). Competency in the preparedness for the prevention disaster is important and the nurse role should extend beyond the disaster itself. With the understanding of the aspect of epidemiology of the disaster, the nurses can anticipate various health consequences as well as the delivery issues based on the type of the event. An example, in the situation of the earthquakes, one may expect many deaths as well as severe injuries and the damaged health facilities (Loke Fung, 2014). Preparedness and mitigation have become world priorities for the nurses. These individuals could help reduce the risk as well as the impact of the disaster on the population and the community and hence save of lives. Discussion The lack of the recognized abilities along with the gaps in the education has played a part in the difficulty to recruit nurses prepared to the react to a disaster along with offer guidance in effective signifies ( Loke Fung , 2014 ) . The ICN code of Ethics has stressed on the value for the human rights and sensitivity to the values as well as the customs. The code might be relevant to the facets of preparedness for the disaster. The nurses are usually expected to practice in respect to the tenets in the disaster along with adjust on their practice as needed to be able to meet almost all the requirements of the disaster environment ( Dorsey, 2009 ) . There needs to be provision of assistance, which necessitate awareness of the customs as well as the culture, and assurance of personal dignity and confidentiality. In circumstance of disaster, it necessitate the nurses to render challenging and ethical choices, which are in the midst of the scarce resources (Loke Fung, 2014). The are as to build up on the skills of nursing need to concentrate in areas for instance emergency nursing, paediatric nursing and the public health. There is need to incorporate the core competencies of the ICN framework to the generalist nurse. The disaster nursing involve the application of the basic nursing competencies along with the disaster nursing competencies to a particular disaster situation. Conclusion The increased effects of the disaster on people as well as communities requires to have a continued progression of the competent nurses to be able to fill almost all the requirements of the health care providers to have the ability to improve with intricate human contingencies . The ICN disaster-nursing skills usually are believe that the nurses possess the fundamental expertise particularly when it comes to crisis along with the trauma care. The ICN code ethics has displayed the foundation for the development of the evaluation tools that can be employed by the individual nurses to evaluate their own needs of education, along with the development of the training programmes. The essay has presented the case of the disaster in nursing and the recommendation, which could be implemented, based on the ICN code of ethics of the nurses. References Alim, S., Kawabata, M., Nakazawa, M. (2015). Evaluation of disaster preparedness training and disaster drill for nursing students. Nurse education today, 35(1), 25-31. Chen, I. H., Chang, S. C., Feng, J. Y., Lin, S. J., Chen, L. C., Lee, C. L., Lai, F. C. (2017). Nurse Participation in Continuing Education in Disaster Nursing in Taiwan. Journal of Emergency Nursing. Dorsey, D. M. (2009). ICN framework of disaster nursing competencies. World Health Organization and International Council of Nurses, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from: https://www. icn.ch/images/stories/documents/publications/free_publications/24_June_2009_Disaster_Nu rsing_Competencies_lite. pdf. Li, S. M., Li, X. R., Yang, D., Xu, N. W. (2016). Research progress in disaster nursing competency framework of nurses in China. Chinese Nursing Research. Loke, A. Y., Fung, O. W. M. (2014). Nurses competencies in disaster nursing: Implications for curriculum development and public health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(3), 3289-3303. Ranse, J., Hutton, A., Jeeawody, B., Wilson, R. (2014). What are the research needs for the field of disaster nursing? An international Delphi study. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 29(05), 448-454. Usher, K., Redman-MacLaren, M. L., Mills, J., West, C., Casella, E., Hapsari, E. D., ... Amy, Y. Z. (2015). Strengthening and preparing: Enhancing nursing research for disaster management. Nurse education in practice, 15(1), 68-74. Yan, Y. E., Turale, S., Stone, T., Petrini, M. (2015). Disaster nursing skills, knowledge and attitudes required in earthquake relief: Implications for nursing education. International nursing review, 62(3), 351-359. Yin, H., He, H., Arbon, P., Zhu, J. (2011). A survey of the practice of nurses skills in Wenchuan earthquake disaster sites: implications for disaster training. Journal of advanced nursing, 67(10), 2231-2238. Review of the literature

Consolidated Portfolio for Project Negotiation and Stakeholder

Question: Discuss about theConsolidated Portfolio for Project Negotiation and Stakeholder. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to present a reflective writing on the learning that I have gained in my session of weekly portfolios. This report presents the thoughts that I have gained after the classes. This report shows all the six relative topics that I have learnt in each week. The very first learning outcome explains what I have learnt about the operation of complex and diverse non-government and government project contractual that is relevant to the ranged of ICT, build agreements, and managed services. Second learning states about the common arguments using the logic, influence and persuasion factors that could be commonly applied to the competing or/and conflicting stakeholder agendas. Third learning is all about what I have learnt with respect to the methods of project, conflict management, project negotiation, and stakeholder engagement into the project and how to relate them with the consisting asset lifecycles and technology standards. Similarly fourth fifth and sixth ou tcomes have been reported in the report that could explain my learning through my perspective. Learning Outcome 1 In the very first week, I get to know about the commercial planning that how techniques used in commercial planning for the implementation of policies and strategies for building a commercial project in a successful manner. I also learnt about the commercial project that includes establishment of buildings where commercial works could be carried out. Another concerning topic was commercial project management and commercial planning that helped me in understanding the importance and impact of better planning. Their role is much important in the success of the project. I learned about the essential keys that are vital in successful participation in large projects. The participants should have extra knowledge on related topics and I also get to know how much important is the communication and cooperation between the individuals for the successful deployment of the project. It is also important that ethical issues should be taken in account while targeting the goals and I interest should be identified at the very early stage before deploying the project. Following these objectives, I also get to know the importance of negotiation and time delay in the negotiation between the stakeholders. The negotiation between the UK government and government of France let me conclude that the negotiation should be of a good level, it should take time but not much delayed as it could lead to conflicts between the stakeholders. A better and time taking negotiations could lead to the possibilities of eliminating certain conflicts that might affect the success of the project. Summary I have learnt so many objectives related to the successful deployment of the commercial planning and commercial projects including the role of the project management and planning objectives. I have also learnt the importance of cooperation and communication including how to implement ethical issues with respect to the project. Evidence Pea-Mora, F. and Tamaki, T., 2001. Effect of delivery systems on collaborative negotiations for large-scale infrastructure projects.Journal of Management in Engineering,17(2), pp.105-121. Learning Outcome 2 Moving forward I get to know about the importance of communication between the stakeholders and how important is this agenda in relevance to the success of a project. I get to know about the consequences of the communication or negotiation in a positive manner. Successful negotiation includes proper cooperation and coordination of understanding between the individuals involved in the negotiation. In the collaborative negotiation methodology, cultural dimensions of the participants does impact the flow and success of the project as representatives from different background might feel conflict to represent the other background. Types of contract that is being negotiated plays an important role as, the results that are deriving after the negotiation might impact the performance of the suppliers that in return will impact the ability of the contractor to produce and develop a system with specific requirements. The main understanding behind these researches let me know that communication and negotiation at certain topics could led to the elimination of certain conflicts that might affect the growth of any project and by correct methodology and procedure we can eliminate the conflicts and lead the project to a grand success. Summary Negotiation between the stakeholders on their respective agendas with correct methodology and influence could minimize the impact of conflicts and led to the better communication and successful implementation of the project. Types of contract is also a considering factor for eliminating the facts related to the conflict or types of conflicts that might rise between the stakeholders due to misunderstanding and mismatched thoughts on a particular point or objectives. Evidence PMI., 2013a.A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute. Learning Outcome 3 This part was very interesting for me where I get to know about the methods for negotiating in the project, stakeholder engagement and conflict management across the projects consisting of variety of asset lifecycle and technology standards. I get to learn that some of the questions related to the cultural dimensions and project negotiations seem to be the relevant topics that could raise the conflicts between the stakeholders that have particular contribution to the project. Negotiation can be referred to bringing everyone to the particular point of thought for the betterment of the whole project and to bring success to the project. Conflict management can be the best approach to solve the objectives related to the conflicts arising between the stakeholders on the agendas from their perspective. It could help the individuals to solve the issues or bargain the issues to a point where the overall gain will reflect the success of the project. I also learnt that engagement of stakeholde rs does not mean only engaging with words or work rather word and work of the respective individuals should be contributed in the project management processes and present their crucial thoughts and thinking on the particular objectives related to the deployment of the project and make it successful. Summary Overall, it can be concluded that negotiating the project and stakeholder engagement as stated above could be the part of the conflict management across the project, as conflict management covers all the aspects related to the involvement and contribution of the stakeholder engagement while negotiating the project. Conflict management could lead to the positive possibilities for eliminating the conflicts between the stakeholders that might affect the project. Evidence Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute. Learning Outcome 4 This week was helpful in understanding the facts related to the methods that could be helpful in indentifying the inconsistent objectives that could be helpful in managing the communication between the stakeholders. I have compiled the communication and cooperation methods that are relevant to the topics that I have discussed above or not. I get to know that they were certainly relevant to the topics that have been discussed above and cooperation and proper communication is the key to the development of very good and effective relationship between the key stakeholders. It was relevant because the success of the project can be described as proportional to the good behavior and relationship between the stakeholders and they could manage themselves according to the nature of the complexity between them. I also understand that participating in the conflict management and considering the objectives of the both side could be helpful in highlighting the areas or sectors where the conflict i s arising. I get to know that focus could be given on those particular areas in manner to bargain the possibilities. Project management frameworks and standards could be helpful in a project that could be utilized to involve analysis of various ways of commercial procurement and negotiation of the operations that are being conducted in the project management. I learnt how contract law can be helpful in reconciling and identifying the conflicting and inconsistent drivers and the objectives that could be helpful in maintaining, developing, and managing the relationships with the key stakeholders and also communication between them. Summary This week was profitable for me in understanding the objectives corresponding to the methods of negotiation in the project on the drivers that might provide positive responses in maintaining the proper communication with the stakeholders. I also understand the impacts related to the negotiating projects and eliminating conflicts. Evidence PMI. 2013a.A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute. Learning Outcome 5 After the research, I get to know that the questions that had been asked in the first week were relevant as those could lead to the alteration in budget estimation, productivity might start declining, and event the project could end. Following week I understand how project delay could be affecting the budget of the whole project and this could be a very big issue for the completion of project according to the plan. I also learnt that this might lead to the dissatisfaction among the customers and related consumers regarding their roles and responsibilities in the project. It was also very clear to me that delaying the project could cause various issues in many secytors regarding the loss of monetary among the employees by their respective leaders or higher grade employees that will be responsible for their productivity as well as it could also lead to decline in the productivity as discussed earlier. It could be described as the greatest issue or cause that might lead to the involveme nt of commercial negotiation and the team who is responsible for the completion of the project will have to prepare a contingency for the mitigation of the issues that are budding due to project delay. Based on the learning that I gained, it can be said that formation or documentation of project procurement and negotiation documents would lead to the formation of obligatory and sufficient development of the project integration management. I can also refer that the Project Negotiation in Private and Government organization will be willing to establish the use of surrogacy planning in manner to improve the objectives that have been performing within the project integration management. Summary It can be summarized in a small manner that learned the consequences of the project disruption, alteration, delay, and changes in planned activities. I have also learnt the methods for claiming liquidated damage, variations, arbitration, and contract entitlements. Evidence Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Control, 11th Edition. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley sons. Learning Outcome 6 After the completion of all my courses, I get to know that the project agreements and contracts could be very much helpful in serving the purpose of the project negotiation in a private or a government organization. I learnt how stakeholder documents and project progress could be helpful for evaluating the concepts of the avoidance of the provide conflict solutions through the negotiated resolutions. The objectives that need to be involved in the solutions for the operation activities within the project of commercial negotiation are contract documents, the negotiation, and the agreement methods of final offer arbitration. I learned about the tools that could be helpful in learning and resolving the issues related with the problems for which there is compromise, conflict, confront and use power. The initial step should be to get a clear understanding of the interest. Then the people in the negotiation must communicate in an effective manner. Identification of alternatives plays a majo r role. The commitments that are made by the people needs to be maintained and followed. There must be proper communication. According to me there should be a particular agreement and negotiation between the stakeholders that is proper and suitable for the project and could be implemented within the organization for future. This could be helpful in manipulating all the stakeholders towards a single thought and could be helpful in minimizing the conflict to the extent level in future. The types of conflict that might arise during the execution of the project could be declined or minimized to the extent level through the NCTP form of procurement. Summary Based on my learning it can be summarized that I have learnt about the project management tools and now capable of evaluating the project management tools that could be helpful in avoiding or providing the conflict resolution through the practice of negotiated solutions. Evidence YouTube. 2017.Negotiation. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FeM6kp9Q80 [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that I have learnt many things related to the better communication and project negation with the stakeholders. This report explains how I will be applying my learning in the real world and how I would tackle the obstacles that will be laid ahead me while executing any project. The most important aspect for the success of any project can be referred to the collaboration between the team and team members. However, this could only be achieved by eliminating conflicts between the stakeholders that might lead to the delay in the project completion. According to me the most important aspect in the project negotiation is that I will have listen everybody and I will have to make everyone listen about my thoughts and if they does not matches we should bargain by considering the project success. There are many consequences of the project delay that could be eliminated or minimized to the extent level if extra effort has been given on the project ne gotiation and better communication between each stockholder. References Banwo, O., Parker, K. and Sagoo, A., 2015, March. Principles of contract claims managementA review of the Nigerian construction industry. InIndustrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1-9). IEEE. Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute. Bragagnolo, C., Ng, K., Calado, H. and Esteves, M.A.P.P., 2016. Understanding and mapping local conflicts related to protected areas in small islands.Island Studies Journal,11(1), pp.57-90. Das Aundhe, M., Das Aundhe, M., Narasimhan, R. and Narasimhan, R., 2016. Public private partnership (PPP) outcomes in e-governmenta social capital explanation.International Journal of Public Sector Management,29(7), pp.638-658. Gao, H., Yu, T. and Cannella Jr, A.A., 2016. The use of public language in strategy: A multidisciplinary review and research agenda.Journal of Management,42(1), pp.21-54. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Control, 11th Edition. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley sons. Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2017.Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Ojha, S. and Pandey, I.M., 2017. Management and financing of e-Government projects in India: Does financing strategy add value?.IIMB Management Review. Pea-Mora, F. and Tamaki, T., 2001. Effect of delivery systems on collaborative negotiations for large-scale infrastructure projects.Journal of Management in Engineering,17(2), pp.105-121. PMI. 2013a.A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute. 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